𐍃𐍄𐌹𐌲𐌵𐌰𐌽

Forms

𐍃𐍄𐌹𐌲𐌵𐌰𐌽 (stigqan), a strong verb of the third class.^[1][2][3] Miller gives the principal parts as 𐍃𐍄𐌹𐌲𐌵𐌰𐌽 (stigqan), 𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌲𐌵 (-stagq), 𐍃𐍄𐌿𐌲𐌵𐌿𐌽 (-stugqun, also with gg) and the unrecorded past participle *stugqans.^[4] The preterites are recorded only in the compounds, as bistagq and bistugqun.^[5][6] Some forms of the compounds are written with ggq (stiggqan).^[7][8] The simple verb occurs only as the infinitive.^[9]

Etymology

It is inherited from Proto-Germanic *stinkwaną (“to hit; to thrust; to clash”),^[10][11] Orel's *stenkwanan.^[12] The cognates are Old Norse støkkva (“to leap, jump, flee”) and Old English stincan, which meant both 'to whirl up, leap' and 'to smell, stink', and Old High German stincan 'to give off a smell'.^[11][8][5] Feist kept the verbs for 'to stink' apart;^[8] Lehmann explains the diverse meanings by a possible merger of more than one root.^[5] Its further origin is unclear.^[5][8][12] Feist found Lithuanian stengti (“to exert oneself”) and Welsh sangu (“to tread”) closest, and doubted a link with Latin stinguō (“to quench”);^[8] Orel calls the etymology unknown but takes the link with stinguō as probable;^[12] Lehmann rejects both of these comparisons and also calls dubious Brugmann's comparison with Sanskrit verbs meaning 'to thrust'.^[5] Köbler refers it to a root Proto-Indo-European *steug- 'to push, strike'.^[2]

Attestation

The simple verb is a hapax: the Wulfila project and PROIEL each have one token, at Luke 14:31 in manuscript CA, where it renders Ancient Greek συμβάλλω (sumbállō).^[9][13][2] Luke 14:31 reads aiþþau ƕas þiudans gaggands stigqan wiþra anþarana þiudan du wigan, "or what king, going to clash with another king in war".^[14] The compounds bistigqan 'to strike against' and gastigqan 'to stumble' occur in Matthew, Luke, John and Romans.^[5][6]

Meanings

1. To thrust, strike; with wiþra 'against', to clash with someone in battle, for συμβάλλειν.^[1][7][2]

Word family

• 𐌱𐌹𐍃𐍄𐌹𐌲𐌵𐌰𐌽 (bistigqan, “to strike against”)
• 𐌲𐌰𐍃𐍄𐌹𐌲𐌵𐌰𐌽 (gastigqan, “to stumble”)

Related words

• 𐌱𐌹𐍃𐍄𐌿𐌲𐌵 (bistugq, “obstacle”)
• 𐌲𐌰𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌲𐌵𐌾𐌰𐌽 (gastagqjan, “to strike against”)

References

1. ^ a b Streitberg, Wilhelm (1910), Die gotische Bibel, II: Gotisch-griechisch-deutsches Wörterbuch, Heidelberg: Winter, p. s.v. stigqan
2. ^ a b c d Köbler, Gerhard (2014), Gotisches Wörterbuch, 4th ed., online, koeblergerhard.de/wikiling, p. s.v. stigqan 1
3. ^ Braune, Wilhelm; Heidermanns, Frank (2004), Gotische Grammatik, mit Lesestücken und Wörterverzeichnis, 20th ed., Sammlung kurzer Grammatiken germanischer Dialekte A 1, Tübingen: Niemeyer, p. 295
4. ^ Miller, D. Gary (2019), The Oxford Gothic Grammar, Oxford: Oxford University Press, p. 182
5. ^ a b c d e f Lehmann, Winfred P. (1986), A Gothic Etymological Dictionary, based on the third edition of Vergleichendes Wörterbuch der gotischen Sprache by Sigmund Feist, Leiden: Brill, p. s.v. stigqan
6. ^ a b Balg, G. H. (1887–1889), A Comparative Glossary of the Gothic Language, with Especial Reference to English and German, Mayville, Wis.: the author, p. 401
7. ^ a b Regan, Brian T. (1974), Dictionary of the Biblical Gothic Language, Phoenix: Wulfila House, p. 143
8. ^ a b c d e Feist, Sigmund (1939), Vergleichendes Wörterbuch der gotischen Sprache, 3rd ed., Leiden: Brill, p. s.v. stigqan
9. ^ a b De Herdt, Tom (2004–2026), Project Wulfila: digital edition of the Gothic Bible with lemma and morphological annotation, data release 2026-09-03, wulfila.be
10. ^ Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org, p. s.v. 𐍃𐍄𐌹𐌲𐌵𐌰𐌽
11. ^ a b Kroonen, Guus (2013), Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic, Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series 11, Leiden / Boston: Brill, p. 480
12. ^ a b c Orel, Vladimir (2003), A Handbook of Germanic Etymology, Leiden / Boston: Brill, p. s.v. *stenkwanan I
13. ^ Haug, Dag T. T. et al., PROIEL Treebank: The Gothic Bible (gothic-nt), 2023 release, Pragmatic Resources in Old Indo-European Languages, University of Oslo
14. ^ De Herdt, Tom (2004–2026), Project Wulfila: digital edition of the Gothic Bible with lemma and morphological annotation, data release 2026-09-03, wulfila.be, p. Lk 14:31