𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌿𐍄𐌰𐌽

Forms

𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌿𐍄𐌰𐌽 (stautan), a reduplicating strong verb of class 2 in Streitberg's and Köbler's numbering,^[1][2] class VII in Wright's and Lambdin's.^[3][4] Two forms are recorded, each once: the third person singular present optative 𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌿𐍄𐌰𐌹 (stautai) and the dative singular masculine of the present participle 𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌿𐍄𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌹𐌽 (stautandin).^[2][5] No preterite forms are attested;^[6] Krause gives the expected preterite as *staistaut, comparing Old High German stioz.^[6]

Etymology

It is inherited from Proto-Germanic *stautaną (“to push, to bump, to jolt”),^[7][8][9] with the cognates Old Norse stauta, Old Frisian stēta, Old Saxon stōtan and Old High German stōzan, all meaning "to push, strike".^[10][9][8] Feist sets up an Indo-European root Proto-Indo-European *steud- beside a form without s-, with Latin tundō (“to beat, pound”) and an Albanian cognate.^[10] Kroonen reconstructs a thematic present *stóud-e- and compares Albanian shtyn (“to shove, push”).^[8] Orel and Lehmann also connect studeō (“to strive, study”).^[9][11]

Attestation

The verb occurs twice, at Matthew 5:39 and Luke 6:29, both in manuscript CA.^[5][2] Köbler gives Ancient Greek ῥαπίζω (rhapízō, “to slap”) and τύπτω (túptō, “to strike”) as the Greek verbs it renders,^[2] and PROIEL aligns one token with τύπτω.^[12] Luke 6:29 reads þamma stautandin þuk bi kinnu galewei imma jah anþara, "to the one who strikes you on the cheek, offer him the other as well".^[13]

Meanings

1. to strike, hit, slap; with 𐌱𐌹 (bi) and the accusative of the part struck^[1][2][7]

Usage notes

Falluomini cites stautai at Matthew 5:39 to show that the Gothic present can render a Greek future as well as a present: it may stand for ῥαπίσει "shall strike" or ῥαπίζει "strikes".^[14] Miller uses Luke 6:29, stautandin þuk bi kinnu, as an example of bi with the accusative marking the area of contact.^[15]

References

1. ^ a b Streitberg, Wilhelm (1910), Die gotische Bibel, II: Gotisch-griechisch-deutsches Wörterbuch, Heidelberg: Winter, p. s.v. stautan
2. ^ a b c d e Köbler, Gerhard (2014), Gotisches Wörterbuch, 4th ed., online, koeblergerhard.de/wikiling, p. s.v. stautan*
3. ^ Wright, Joseph (1910), Grammar of the Gothic Language, Oxford: Clarendon Press, p. s.v. stáutan
4. ^ Lambdin, Thomas O. (2006), An Introduction to the Gothic Language, Eugene, Or.: Wipf and Stock, p. 183
5. ^ a b De Herdt, Tom (2004–2026), Project Wulfila: digital edition of the Gothic Bible with lemma and morphological annotation, data release 2026-09-03, wulfila.be
6. ^ a b Krause, Wolfgang (1963), Handbuch des Gotischen, 2nd ed., München: Beck, p. § 235
7. ^ a b Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org, p. s.v. 𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌿𐍄𐌰𐌽
8. ^ a b c Kroonen, Guus (2013), Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic, Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series 11, Leiden / Boston: Brill, p. 475
9. ^ a b c Orel, Vladimir (2003), A Handbook of Germanic Etymology, Leiden / Boston: Brill, p. s.v. *stautanan
10. ^ a b Feist, Sigmund (1939), Vergleichendes Wörterbuch der gotischen Sprache, 3rd ed., Leiden: Brill, p. s.v. stautan
11. ^ Lehmann, Winfred P. (1986), A Gothic Etymological Dictionary, based on the third edition of Vergleichendes Wörterbuch der gotischen Sprache by Sigmund Feist, Leiden: Brill, p. s.v. *stautan
12. ^ Haug, Dag T. T. et al., PROIEL Treebank: The Gothic Bible (gothic-nt), 2023 release, Pragmatic Resources in Old Indo-European Languages, University of Oslo
13. ^ De Herdt, Tom (2004–2026), Project Wulfila: digital edition of the Gothic Bible with lemma and morphological annotation, data release 2026-09-03, wulfila.be, p. Lk 6:29
14. ^ Falluomini, Carla (2015), The Gothic Version of the Gospels and Pauline Epistles: Cultural Background, Transmission and Character, Arbeiten zur neutestamentlichen Textforschung 46, Berlin / Boston: de Gruyter, p. 76
15. ^ Miller, D. Gary (2019), The Oxford Gothic Grammar, Oxford: Oxford University Press, p. 240