𐍃𐌰𐌺𐌰𐌽

Forms

𐍃𐌰𐌺𐌰𐌽 (sakan), a strong verb of the sixth class.^[1][2][3] Regan gives the principal parts 𐍃𐌰𐌺𐌰𐌽 (sakan), 𐍃𐍉𐌺 (sok), 𐍃𐍉𐌺𐌿𐌼 (sokum), 𐍃𐌰𐌺𐌰𐌽𐍃 (sakans).^[3] Köbler lists the imperative 𐍃𐌰𐌺 (sak), the infinitive 𐍃𐌰𐌺𐌰𐌽 (sakan) and the third person plural preterite 𐍃𐍉𐌺𐌿𐌽 (sokun).^[4]

Etymology

It is inherited from Proto-Germanic *sakaną (“to dispute”),^[5][6] cognate with Old English sacan, Old Frisian seka, Old Saxon sakan and Old High German sahhan.^[7][8] Kroonen derives it from Proto-Indo-European *sh₂g-e-, takes "to charge" as its first meaning, and relates it to the nouns continued by Old English sacu and to *sōkjan-.^[6][8] Uhlenbeck and Holthausen compare Old Irish saigim, and Uhlenbeck thinks a connection with 𐍃𐍉𐌺𐌾𐌰𐌽 (sōkjan, “to seek”) probable.^[9][10] Orel and Wiktionary relate Latin sāgiō (“to perceive keenly”).^[7][5] Orel adds Ancient Greek ἡγέομαι (hēgéomai, “to lead the way”) and Hittite šak- (“to know”).^[7]

Attestation

Köbler counts five records: the imperative sak at Luke 19:39 (CA), the infinitive sakan at 2 Timothy 2:24 (A and B), and sokun at John 6:52 and Mark 10:13 (CA) and in the Skeireins.^[4] The Wulfila project's figure of sixteen tokens also takes in eleven ambiguous sokeiþ forms.^[11] The Gospel and Epistle records render Ancient Greek ἐπιτιμάω (epitimáō) and Ancient Greek μάχομαι (mákhomai), twice each.^[12] John 6:52 reads þanuh sokun miþ sis misso Iudaieis, "then the Jews disputed among themselves".^[13]

Meanings

1. To dispute, quarrel, for Greek μάχομαι.^[1][3][4]
2. With the dative, to rebuke someone, for Greek ἐπιτιμάω.^[1][3][4]

Word family

• 𐌰𐌽𐌳𐍃𐌰𐌺𐌰𐌽 (andsakan)
• 𐌲𐌰𐍃𐌰𐌺𐌰𐌽 (gasakan)
• 𐌹𐌽𐍃𐌰𐌺𐌰𐌽 (insakan)
• 𐌿𐍃𐍃𐌰𐌺𐌰𐌽 (ussakan)
• 𐍃𐌰𐌺𐌾𐍉 (sakjō)
• 𐍃𐌰𐌺𐌿𐌻𐍃 (sakuls)

Borrowings into other languages

• Spanish: sacar, perhaps^[14]
• Portuguese: sacar, probably^[14]
• Galician: sacar, perhaps; the etymology is debated^[14]
• Asturian: sacar, possibly^[14]

Related words

• 𐍃𐍉𐌺𐌾𐌰𐌽 (sōkjan)
• 𐍃𐍉𐌺𐌽𐍃 (sōkns)

References

1. ^ a b c Streitberg, Wilhelm (1910), Die gotische Bibel, II: Gotisch-griechisch-deutsches Wörterbuch, Heidelberg: Winter, p. s.v. sakan
2. ^ Braune, Wilhelm; Heidermanns, Frank (2004), Gotische Grammatik, mit Lesestücken und Wörterverzeichnis, 20th ed., Sammlung kurzer Grammatiken germanischer Dialekte A 1, Tübingen: Niemeyer, p. 292
3. ^ a b c d Regan, Brian T. (1974), Dictionary of the Biblical Gothic Language, Phoenix: Wulfila House, p. 130
4. ^ a b c d Köbler, Gerhard (2014), Gotisches Wörterbuch, 4th ed., online, koeblergerhard.de/wikiling, p. s.v. sakan
5. ^ a b Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org, p. s.v. 𐍃𐌰𐌺𐌰𐌽
6. ^ a b Kroonen, Guus (2013), Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic, Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series 11, Leiden / Boston: Brill, p. 423
7. ^ a b c Orel, Vladimir (2003), A Handbook of Germanic Etymology, Leiden / Boston: Brill, p. 314
8. ^ a b Feist, Sigmund (1939), Vergleichendes Wörterbuch der gotischen Sprache, 3rd ed., Leiden: Brill, p. s.v. sakan
9. ^ Uhlenbeck, C. C. (1900), Kurzgefasstes etymologisches Wörterbuch der gotischen Sprache, 2nd ed., Amsterdam: Müller, p. 126
10. ^ Holthausen, Ferdinand (1934), Gotisches etymologisches Wörterbuch, Heidelberg: Winter, p. 84
11. ^ De Herdt, Tom (2004–2026), Project Wulfila: digital edition of the Gothic Bible with lemma and morphological annotation, data release 2026-09-03, wulfila.be
12. ^ Haug, Dag T. T. et al., PROIEL Treebank: The Gothic Bible (gothic-nt), 2023 release, Pragmatic Resources in Old Indo-European Languages, University of Oslo
13. ^ De Herdt, Tom (2004–2026), Project Wulfila: digital edition of the Gothic Bible with lemma and morphological annotation, data release 2026-09-03, wulfila.be, p. Jn 6:52
14. ^ a b c d Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org, p. s.v. sacar