𐍃𐌰𐌼𐌰

Forms

𐍃𐌰𐌼𐌰 (sama), a pronoun with weak (n-stem) inflection only, used with or without the article.^[1][2][3] The Wulfila project counts the forms 𐍃𐌰𐌼𐍉 (samo, 25 times), 𐍃𐌰𐌼𐌹𐌽 (samin, 9), 𐍃𐌰𐌼𐍉𐌽 (samon, 8), 𐍃𐌰𐌼𐌰 (sama, 7), saman and samam (twice each), samona (twice) and samono (once).^[4] As the first part of compounds sama- means "same, together".^[5][6]

Etymology

It is inherited from Proto-Germanic *samaz (“same”).^[7][8] The cognates include Old Norse samr and Old High German samo.^[8][9] Kroonen traces the Germanic adjective to Proto-Indo-European *somH-o-, and Köbler to a Proto-Indo-European adjective "same", beside the numeral root *sem- (“one”).^[10][11] Feist and Uhlenbeck relate Ancient Greek ὁμός (homós, “same”), ἅμα (háma, “together”), Latin similis (“like”) and Old Irish som (“self”).^[12][9] Feist adds that 𐍃𐌹𐌼𐌻𐌴 (simlē) and 𐍃𐌿𐌼𐍃 (sums) belong to the same stem.^[12]

Attestation

The Wulfila project counts 56 tokens, in Matthew, Luke, Mark, Romans, 1 and 2 Corinthians (16 in 2 Corinthians), Ephesians, Philippians, 1 Thessalonians and the Skeireins, in manuscripts CA, A, B, Car and E; Köbler counts 48 and also lists the Gothica Bononiensia.^[4][11] The first in canonical order is Matthew 5:46.^[4] Of PROIEL's 37 tokens, 14 are aligned with Ancient Greek αὐτός (autós) and 3 with εἷς (heîs, “one”).^[13] Matthew 5:46 reads niu jah þai þiudo þata samo taujand, "do not the gentiles also do the same?"^[14]

Meanings

1. the same, usually with the article, for ὁ αὐτός.^[1][11][15]
2. one and the same, one, for εἷς.^[11][16]

Word family

• 𐍃𐌰𐌼𐌰𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌸𐌾𐌹𐍃 (samafraþjis, “of one mind”)
• 𐍃𐌰𐌼𐌰𐌺𐌿𐌽𐍃 (samakuns, “of the same kin”)
• 𐍃𐌰𐌼𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌿𐌸𐍃 (samalauþs, “as large”)
• 𐍃𐌰𐌼𐌰𐌻𐌴𐌹𐌺𐍃 (samaleiks, “identical”)
• 𐍃𐌰𐌼𐌰𐌵𐌹𐍃𐍃 (samaqiss, “agreement”)
• 𐍃𐌰𐌼𐌰𐍃𐌰𐌹𐍅𐌰𐌻𐍃 (samasaiwals, “of the same soul”)

Related words

• 𐍃𐌰𐌼𐌰𐌽𐌰 (samana, “together”)
• 𐍃𐌰𐌼𐌰𐌸 (samaþ, “together”)

References

1. ^ a b Streitberg, Wilhelm (1910), Die gotische Bibel, II: Gotisch-griechisch-deutsches Wörterbuch, Heidelberg: Winter, p. s.v. sama
2. ^ Regan, Brian T. (1974), Dictionary of the Biblical Gothic Language, Phoenix: Wulfila House, p. 131
3. ^ Braune, Wilhelm; Heidermanns, Frank (2004), Gotische Grammatik, mit Lesestücken und Wörterverzeichnis, 20th ed., Sammlung kurzer Grammatiken germanischer Dialekte A 1, Tübingen: Niemeyer, p. 292
4. ^ a b c De Herdt, Tom (2004–2026), Project Wulfila: digital edition of the Gothic Bible with lemma and morphological annotation, data release 2026-09-03, wulfila.be
5. ^ Lehmann, Winfred P. (1986), A Gothic Etymological Dictionary, based on the third edition of Vergleichendes Wörterbuch der gotischen Sprache by Sigmund Feist, Leiden: Brill, p. s.v. sama
6. ^ Skeat, Walter W. (1868), A Moeso-Gothic Glossary, with an Introduction, an Outline of Moeso-Gothic Grammar, and a List of Anglo-Saxon and Old and Modern English Words Etymologically Connected with Moeso-Gothic, London: Asher, p. s.v. sama
7. ^ Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org, p. s.v. 𐍃𐌰𐌼𐌰
8. ^ a b Kroonen, Guus (2013), Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic, Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series 11, Leiden / Boston: Brill, p. 425
9. ^ a b Uhlenbeck, C. C. (1900), Kurzgefasstes etymologisches Wörterbuch der gotischen Sprache, 2nd ed., Amsterdam: Müller, p. 126
10. ^ Kroonen, Guus (2013), Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic, Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series 11, Leiden / Boston: Brill, p. 426
11. ^ a b c d Köbler, Gerhard (2014), Gotisches Wörterbuch, 4th ed., online, koeblergerhard.de/wikiling, p. s.v. sama
12. ^ a b Feist, Sigmund (1939), Vergleichendes Wörterbuch der gotischen Sprache, 3rd ed., Leiden: Brill, p. s.v. sama
13. ^ Haug, Dag T. T. et al., PROIEL Treebank: The Gothic Bible (gothic-nt), 2023 release, Pragmatic Resources in Old Indo-European Languages, University of Oslo
14. ^ De Herdt, Tom (2004–2026), Project Wulfila: digital edition of the Gothic Bible with lemma and morphological annotation, data release 2026-09-03, wulfila.be, p. Mt 5:46
15. ^ Balg, G. H. (1887–1889), A Comparative Glossary of the Gothic Language, with Especial Reference to English and German, Mayville, Wis.: the author, p. 341
16. ^ Stamm, Friedrich Ludwig; Heyne, Moriz (1920), Ulfilas oder die uns erhaltenen Denkmäler der gotischen Sprache: Text, Wörterbuch und Grammatik, 13th–14th ed. by Ferdinand Wrede, Paderborn: Schöningh, p. 463