𐌷𐌹𐌽𐌳𐌰𐍂

Forms

𐌷𐌹𐌽𐌳𐌰𐍂 (hindar), a preposition with the accusative and the dative, also used as a verbal prefix.^[1][2][3] Only the form hindar occurs.^[4]

Etymology

It is inherited from Proto-Germanic *hinder (“behind”),^[5] an old comparative formation:^[6][7] Feist groups it with 𐌷𐌹𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌽𐌰 (hindana) and 𐌷𐌹𐌽𐌳𐌿𐌼𐌹𐍃𐍄𐍃 (hindumists) on one stem, as 𐌰𐍆𐍄𐌰𐍂 (aftar) goes with 𐌰𐍆𐍄𐌰𐌽𐌰 (aftana) and 𐌰𐍆𐍄𐌿𐌼𐌹𐍃𐍄𐍃 (aftumists).^[8] The cognates are Old English hinder (“behind, down”), Old High German hintar (“behind”), Old Frisian hindera and the comparative adjectives Old Norse hindri (“later”) and hintaro (“hinder”).^[8][7][6] Uhlenbeck mentions a connection with the pronoun stem of 𐌷𐌹𐌼𐌼𐌰 (himma, “this”) but does not consider it certain, and Köbler calls the etymology disputed.^[6][3]

Attestation

The word occurs fifteen times by the Wulfila project's count and Köbler's: three times in Matthew, twice in John, twice in Luke, six times in Mark, once in Romans and once in the Skeireins.^[4][3] Thirteen records are in manuscript CA, Romans 14:5 is in A and the Skeireins passage in E.^[3] The first in canonical order is Matthew 8:18.^[4] In the Gospels and Epistles it renders Ancient Greek πέραν (péran) six times, ἀπό (apó) and εἰς (eis) twice each, and ὀπίσω (opísō) and παρά (pará) once each.^[9] Matthew 8:18 reads haihait galeiþan siponjans hindar marein, "he told the disciples to go over to the other side of the sea".^[10]

Meanings

1. With the accusative, of movement: behind, over to the far side of, for Greek ὀπίσω and εἰς τὸ πέραν.^[1][11][3]
2. With the dative, of position: on the far side of, beyond, for Greek πέραν.^[1][11]
3. With the dative, figuratively: on the side of; ahead of, more than: nist hindar uns maizo fimf hlaibam "we have no more than five loaves" (Luke 9:13), stojiþ dag hindar dag "esteems one day above another" (Romans 14:5).^[1][11]

Word family

• 𐌷𐌹𐌽𐌳𐌰𐍂𐌻𐌴𐌹𐌸𐌰𐌽 (hindarleiþan)
• 𐌷𐌹𐌽𐌳𐌰𐍂𐍅𐌴𐌹𐍃 (hindarweis)

Related words

• 𐌷𐌹𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌽𐌰 (hindana)
• 𐌷𐌹𐌽𐌳𐌿𐌼𐌹𐍃𐍄𐍃 (hindumists)

References

1. ^ a b c d Streitberg, Wilhelm (1910), Die gotische Bibel, II: Gotisch-griechisch-deutsches Wörterbuch, Heidelberg: Winter, p. s.v. hindar
2. ^ Braune, Wilhelm; Heidermanns, Frank (2004), Gotische Grammatik, mit Lesestücken und Wörterverzeichnis, 20th ed., Sammlung kurzer Grammatiken germanischer Dialekte A 1, Tübingen: Niemeyer, p. 282
3. ^ a b c d e Köbler, Gerhard (2014), Gotisches Wörterbuch, 4th ed., online, koeblergerhard.de/wikiling, p. s.v. hindar
4. ^ a b c De Herdt, Tom (2004–2026), Project Wulfila: digital edition of the Gothic Bible with lemma and morphological annotation, data release 2026-09-03, wulfila.be
5. ^ Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org, p. s.v. 𐌷𐌹𐌽𐌳𐌰𐍂
6. ^ a b c Uhlenbeck, C. C. (1900), Kurzgefasstes etymologisches Wörterbuch der gotischen Sprache, 2nd ed., Amsterdam: Müller, p. 77
7. ^ a b Orel, Vladimir (2003), A Handbook of Germanic Etymology, Leiden / Boston: Brill, p. 173
8. ^ a b Feist, Sigmund (1939), Vergleichendes Wörterbuch der gotischen Sprache, 3rd ed., Leiden: Brill, p. s.v. hindar
9. ^ Haug, Dag T. T. et al., PROIEL Treebank: The Gothic Bible (gothic-nt), 2023 release, Pragmatic Resources in Old Indo-European Languages, University of Oslo
10. ^ De Herdt, Tom (2004–2026), Project Wulfila: digital edition of the Gothic Bible with lemma and morphological annotation, data release 2026-09-03, wulfila.be, p. Mt 8:18
11. ^ a b c Regan, Brian T. (1974), Dictionary of the Biblical Gothic Language, Phoenix: Wulfila House, p. 80