concluzie

Forms

concluzie f (plural concluzii)^[1] An older variant is concluziune, as in Maiorescu: „Trag numai concluzia că…” “I draw only the conclusion that…”.^[2][3][4]

Etymology

It is borrowed from Latin conclūsiō (“a closing; a conclusion”), taken as a neologism, as well as borrowed from French conclusion: DELR, DEX, MDA2 and Tiktin give both sources.^[5][3][4][6] Wiktionary gives French alone, the DA French with the Latin word beside it.^[1][2] The older ending of the variant concluziune follows the Latin accusative conclūsiōnem.^[5]

The Latin word is a noun of action from conclūdō (“to shut up, close; to conclude”).^[7][1] Its first senses were “a shutting up” and, in military language, “a siege, blockade”; the sense “conclusion of an argument” came later.^[7][8] The verb is formed on claudō (“to shut”).^[9] Romanian has the verb from the same family as conclude and, adapted to închide, conchide.^[5][9]

Earliest recorded meaning

The first record is in M. Cantacuzino in 1787, cited by DELR and Tiktin.^[5][6] DELR glosses it “the end of a chain of reasoning; the last part of a work, with its results”.^[5]

Semantic evolution

Negulici's dictionary of 1848 gives the senses “end, close of a matter or a speech”, “the consequence of a reasoning” and “the last proposition of a syllogism”.^[10] The DA records the phrase a trage concluzia “to draw the conclusion” in Maiorescu's speeches, the term of logic in his Logica, and the sense “the right solution of a problem” in Alecu Russo.^[2] Tiktin also gives the legal sense “final motion” in a lua concluziuni.^[6]

The law uses the plural for the closing statements of the parties and the prosecutor, with a pune concluzii “to sum up the charge or defence”.^[3][4] In music it names the last section of a sonata's exposition.^[11]

Timeline

• 1787 – first record, in M. Cantacuzino.^[5][6]
• 1848 – listed by Negulici.^[10]
• 1866 – concluzie in Maiorescu's parliamentary speeches, the first record MDA2 gives.^[4]

Meanings

Noun

1. The conclusion of a chain of reasoning; an idea deduced from a series of arguments or findings: Am ajuns la concluzia că avea dreptate.^[3][4]
2. A new judgement that follows from given ones and is true if they are; in logic, the final proposition of a silogism.^[3][4]
3. The last part of a talk or a work, with its results, as in în concluzie “in conclusion”.^[3][12] A trage concluziile: to sum up a debate and state what follows from it.^[3][12]
4. (mathematics) The statement a teoremă establishes through its proof.^[3][4]
5. (law, in the plural) The closing statements of the parties and the prosecutor in a trial;^[3][4] a pune concluzii: to sum up the charge or the defence.^[3][4]

Related words

• conclude
• conchide
• concludent

References

1. ^ a b c Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org
2. ^ a b c Academia Română (1913–1949), Dicționarul limbii române (DA), ed. Sextil Pușcariu, tom I (A–B, C, D–De) and tom II (F–I, J–Lojniță), București: Socec / Universul / Monitorul Oficial și Imprimeriile Statului; page scans at cflr-scans.solirom.ro, p. s.v. concluziune
3. ^ a b c d e f g h i j DEX (2009), Dicționarul explicativ al limbii române [Explanatory dictionary of the Romanian language], Bucharest: Editura Univers Enciclopedic, p. 217
4. ^ a b c d e f g h i Academia Română, Institutul de Lingvistică „Iorgu Iordan – Al. Rosetti” (2010), Micul dicționar academic, 2nd ed., 4 vols., București: Univers Enciclopedic Gold, p. 1, 480
5. ^ a b c d e f Academia Română, Institutul de Lingvistică „Iorgu Iordan – Al. Rosetti” (2011–), Dicționarul etimologic al limbii române (DELR), vol. I: A–B (2011), vol. II: C (2015–2018), București: Editura Academiei Române; continued online at delr.lingv.ro, p. s.v. conclude
6. ^ a b c d Tiktin, Hariton (2000–2005), Rumänisch-deutsches Wörterbuch, 3rd ed., revised by Paul Miron and Elsa Lüder, 3 vols., Cluj-Napoca: Clusium, p. s.v. concluzie
7. ^ a b Glare, P. G. W., ed. (2012), Oxford Latin Dictionary, 2nd ed., Oxford: Oxford University Press
8. ^ Lewis, Charlton T.; Short, Charles (1879), A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
9. ^ a b Graur, Alexandru (1980), Cuvinte înrudite, București: Editura Științifică și Enciclopedică
10. ^ a b Negulici, I. D. (1848), Vocabular romînesc de toate vorbele streine întroduse pînă acum în limba romînească și de toate cuvintele ce s-ar mai putea introduce încă, București
11. ^ Marcu, Florin (2000), Marele dicționar de neologisme, București: Saeculum Vizual, p. s.v. concluzie
12. ^ a b Academia Română, Institutul de Lingvistică „Iorgu Iordan – Al. Rosetti” (2002), Noul dicționar explicativ al limbii române, București: Litera Internațional, p. s.v. concluzie