anual

Forms

anual m or n (feminine singular anuală, masculine plural anuali, feminine/neuter plural anuale)^[1]

Etymology

It is borrowed from French annuel, also borrowed from Latin annuālis, as DELR, DEX and MDN give it.^[2][3][4][1] Tiktin, DA, MDA2, Scriban and Marcu & Maneca derive it from the Latin, while DLRM names the French.^{[5][6][7][8][9][10]}

The Latin adjective is formed from annuus (“yearly”) with the suffix -ālis, and goes back to annus (“year”); it is a rare post-classical word.^[1][11] The French adjective is a learned loan from it.^[1] The REW records popular descendants in Old French anvel (“yearly”) and Old Occitan anoal (“requiem mass”).^[12] DELR lists the word in the family of an.^[2]

Earliest recorded meaning

DELR and Tiktin date the first record to 1815;^[2][5] DELR's source is a text titled Piramida.^[2][5] The sense was “yearly, taking place every year”.^[2]

Semantic evolution

In the middle of the 19th century a form with a Romanian suffix, anuelnic, was also in use: „venitul anuelnic al ocnelor” “the yearly income of the salt mines”.^[6] Negulici (1848) gives it with Latin annualis and annuus and defines it as lasting a year or coming every year;^[13][6] Bălcescu writes annual.^[13][6]

The sense “lasting only one year”, used of plants, appears in Mehedinți's geography of 1901, MDA2's first record.^[6][7] The word is also an adverb, “once a year, yearly”, and MDN records a feminine noun anuală, an exhibition or festival held every year.^[7][6][4]

Timeline

• 1815 – the first record.^[2][5]
• 1836 – anuar “yearbook”, from French.^[2]
• 1840 – anuitate “annuity”.^[2]
• 1848 – Negulici lists it among the neologisms.^[13]
• mid-19th century – the suffixed form anuelnic.^[6]
• 1901 – of plants, “living one year”, in Mehedinți's geography.^[7][6]
• 1907 – bianual, after French bisannuel.^[2]
• 1997 – anualiza “to annualize”.^[2]

Meanings

Adjective

1. annual: taking place once a year or every year: Ședința anuală a asociației are loc în martie.^[3][14]
2. Lasting one year; of plants, living only one season.^[3][7]
3. Corresponding to a year, calculated for a year: venit anual, plan anual.^[3][15]

Adverb

1. yearly, once a year: Taxa se plătește anual.^[7][6]

Noun

1. (feminine, anuală) An exhibition or festival held every year.^[4]

Word family

• bianual
• anualiza

Related words

• an
• anuar
• anuitate
• Latin annus

Usage notes

The u and the a are pronounced in separate syllables: -nu-al.^[3]

References

1. ^ a b c d e Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org
2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Academia Română, Institutul de Lingvistică „Iorgu Iordan – Al. Rosetti” (2011–), Dicționarul etimologic al limbii române (DELR), vol. I: A–B (2011), vol. II: C (2015–2018), București: Editura Academiei Române; continued online at delr.lingv.ro, p. s.v. an
3. ^ a b c d e DEX (2009), Dicționarul explicativ al limbii române [Explanatory dictionary of the Romanian language], Bucharest: Editura Univers Enciclopedic, p. 52
4. ^ a b c Marcu, Florin (2000), Marele dicționar de neologisme, București: Saeculum Vizual, p. s.v. anual
5. ^ a b c d Tiktin, Hariton (2000–2005), Rumänisch-deutsches Wörterbuch, 3rd ed., revised by Paul Miron and Elsa Lüder, 3 vols., Cluj-Napoca: Clusium, p. s.v. anual
6. ^ a b c d e f g h i Academia Română (1913–1949), Dicționarul limbii române (DA), ed. Sextil Pușcariu, tom I (A–B, C, D–De) and tom II (F–I, J–Lojniță), București: Socec / Universul / Monitorul Oficial și Imprimeriile Statului; page scans at cflr-scans.solirom.ro, p. s.v. anual
7. ^ a b c d e f Academia Română, Institutul de Lingvistică „Iorgu Iordan – Al. Rosetti” (2010), Micul dicționar academic, 2nd ed., 4 vols., București: Univers Enciclopedic Gold, p. 1, 76
8. ^ Scriban, August (1939), Dicționaru limbii românești (etimologii, înțelesuri, exemple, citațiuni, arhaizme, neologizme, provincializme), Iași: Presa Bună, p. 108
9. ^ Marcu, Florin; Maneca, Constant (1986), Dicționar de neologisme, 3rd ed., București: Editura Academiei Republicii Socialiste România, p. s.v. anual
10. ^ Academia Republicii Populare Romîne (1958), Dicționarul limbii romîne moderne, București: Editura Academiei Republicii Populare Romîne, p. 1, 34
11. ^ Lewis, Charlton T.; Short, Charles (1879), A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
12. ^ Meyer-Lübke, Wilhelm (1935), Romanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch, 3rd ed., Heidelberg: Winter
13. ^ a b c Negulici, I. D. (1848), Vocabular romînesc de toate vorbele streine întroduse pînă acum în limba romînească și de toate cuvintele ce s-ar mai putea introduce încă, București, p. s.v. anual
14. ^ Academia Română, Institutul de Lingvistică „Iorgu Iordan – Al. Rosetti” (2002), Noul dicționar explicativ al limbii române, București: Litera Internațional, p. s.v. anual
15. ^ Macrea, Dimitrie; Petrovici, Emil (coord.) (1955–1957), Dicționarul limbii romîne literare contemporane, 4 vols., București: Editura Academiei Republicii Populare Romîne, p. 1, 97