annualis

Forms

annuālis (neuter annuāle); third-declension two-termination adjective^[1] Medieval spellings include annālis and annoālis.^[2][3]

Etymology

It is from Latin annuus (“yearly”) + -ālis, a lengthened form of the adjective, which comes from annus “year”.^[1][2][4]

Earliest recorded meaning

Köbler's first source is the Vulgate, where Ecclesiasticus speaks of a workman hired for a year.^[2][5][4] The jurist Paulus' Sententiae use it of lambs a year old.^[5][6]

Semantic evolution

In Late Latin it also meant “recurring every year”: a sermon ascribed to Augustine speaks of a yearly feast, the Notitia dignitatum of annual travel warrants, and Cassius Felix of the seasons of the year.^[7][6][4]

Medieval Latin used it widely for yearly feasts, dues and courts and for what lasts a year.^[3][8] As a noun the neuter annuāle named the revenues of a benefice for the first year after a new holder took it, a birthday, the anniversary of a death and the commemorative mass said on it;^[8][3] the masculine named a yearling lamb,^[8] and the Carmina Burana use the feminine of this year's sweetheart.^[2][3] English annual, from the late 14th century, comes from Old French or directly from Medieval Latin.^[9]

Timeline

• 390–406 AD – The Vulgate uses it of a workman hired for a year.^[2][5]
• 447 AD – Cassius Felix uses it of the yearly seasons.^[7][2]
• c. 1050 – The neuter is used as a noun for a yearly commemoration.^[2]
• 12th/13th century – The Carmina Burana use the feminine of this year's sweetheart.^[2][3]
• late 14th century – English annual goes back to it.^[9]

Meanings

Adjective

1. A year old; lasting a year, hired or chosen for a year.^[5][6][8]
2. (Late Latin) Annual, yearly, recurring every year.^[7][6][8]

Noun

1. (Medieval Latin, neuter annuāle) The first year's revenues of a benefice; an anniversary, especially of a death; an obit, the yearly mass for the dead.^[8][3]
2. (Medieval Latin, masculine) A yearling lamb.^[8]

Related words

• annālis
• anniversārius
• English annual

References

1. ^ a b c d Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org
2. ^ a b c d e f g h Köbler, Gerhard (2010), Lateinisches Abkunfts- und Wirkungswörterbuch für Altertum und Mittelalter, online ed., koeblergerhard.de
3. ^ a b c d e f Mittellateinisches Wörterbuch bis zum ausgehenden 13. Jahrhundert (1967–), Munich: C. H. Beck; Bayerische Akademie der Wissenschaften
4. ^ a b c Conte, Gian Biagio; Pianezzola, Emilio; Ranucci, Giuliano (2010), il Latino: Vocabolario della lingua latina, 3rd ed., Florence: Le Monnier
5. ^ a b c d Lewis, Charlton T.; Short, Charles (1879), A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
6. ^ a b c d Georges, Karl Ernst (1913–1918), Ausführliches lateinisch-deutsches Handwörterbuch, 8th ed., ed. Heinrich Georges, Hannover; Leipzig: Hahn
7. ^ a b c Thesaurus linguae Latinae (1900–), Leipzig: Teubner; Berlin: De Gruyter; open-access ed., Munich: Bayerische Akademie der Wissenschaften
8. ^ a b c d e f g Niermeyer, J. F. (1976), Mediae Latinitatis Lexicon Minus, Leiden: Brill
9. ^ a b Harper, Douglas. Online Etymology Dictionary, https://www.etymonline.com