antrena

Forms

antrena (third-person singular present antrenează, past participle antrenat) 1st conjugation^[1]

Etymology

It is borrowed from French entraîner, as every dictionary gives it.^{[2][3][4][5][1]} The French verb is formed on traîner (“to drag, pull along”), from Vulgar Latin *tragīnō, from Latin trahō (“to draw, pull”).^[2] DELR adds that its sporting sense follows the English word train, itself from French.^[2]

Earliest recorded meaning

DELR's first record is from 1858, in a book by Ralet.^[2] MDA2 and the DA cite Vlahuță's novel Dan of 1894, „Doctorul însă se antrenase”, where the reflexive means “to get carried away”, a sense the DA calls a Gallicism.^[5][6]

Semantic evolution

The word came with the French senses “to drag along with one” and “to win over, carry away”, both given by CADE.^[7][2] The DA gives only the sporting sense, training a horse for racing or oneself by daily exercise, with the figurative one as a Gallicism.^[6] The sporting sense is now the main one.^[4][5]

Engineering took it for setting a machine or one of its parts in motion, and chemistry for carrying a material along in a moving fluid.^[4][8] A dated reflexive meant “to be in good spirits, have a good time”.^[7][1] The family came from French: antren “verve, liveliness” in 1884, antrenor “trainer, coach” in 1906, antrenament “training” in 1924.^[2]

Timeline

• 1858 – first record, in Ralet.^[2]
• 1884 – antren “verve”, in Barițiu.^[2]
• 1894 – se antrenase “had got carried away” in Vlahuță's Dan.^[5][6]
• 1906 – antrenor “coach”, in Alexi's dictionary.^[2]
• 1913 – antrenant “engaging”, in Slavici.^[2]
• 1924 – antrenament “training”, in Minulescu.^[2]

Meanings

Verb

1. (transitive and reflexive) To train, to prepare oneself or someone by methodical exercise for the best results, especially in sport: Echipa se antrenează zilnic.^[4][5][1]
2. (transitive and reflexive) To draw someone, or let oneself be drawn, into an action or discussion; to get carried away: S-a antrenat într-o ceartă inutilă.^[4][9]
3. (transitive) To set a machine or a part of one in motion; to drive.^[4][1]
4. (transitive, chemistry) To carry a solid, liquid or gas along with a moving fluid; to entrain.^[4][1]

Word family

• antren
• antrenament
• antrenant
• antrenor
• antrenare
• antrenat

References

1. ^ a b c d e f g Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org
2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Academia Română, Institutul de Lingvistică „Iorgu Iordan – Al. Rosetti” (2011–), Dicționarul etimologic al limbii române (DELR), vol. I: A–B (2011), vol. II: C (2015–2018), București: Editura Academiei Române; continued online at delr.lingv.ro, p. s.v. antrena
3. ^ Ciorănescu, Alexandru (1958–1966), Diccionario etimológico rumano, La Laguna: Universidad de La Laguna (Romanian ed.: Dicționarul etimologic al limbii române, București: Saeculum, 2001), p. s.v. antrena
4. ^ a b c d e f g DEX (2009), Dicționarul explicativ al limbii române [Explanatory dictionary of the Romanian language], Bucharest: Editura Univers Enciclopedic, p. 51
5. ^ a b c d e Academia Română, Institutul de Lingvistică „Iorgu Iordan – Al. Rosetti” (2010), Micul dicționar academic, 2nd ed., 4 vols., București: Univers Enciclopedic Gold, p. 1, 75
6. ^ a b c Academia Română (1913–1949), Dicționarul limbii române (DA), ed. Sextil Pușcariu, tom I (A–B, C, D–De) and tom II (F–I, J–Lojniță), București: Socec / Universul / Monitorul Oficial și Imprimeriile Statului; page scans at cflr-scans.solirom.ro, p. s.v. antrena
7. ^ a b Candrea, I.-A.; Adamescu, Gh. (1926–1931), Dicționarul enciclopedic ilustrat „Cartea Românească”, București: Cartea Românească, p. s.v. antrena
8. ^ Costăchescu, Adriana; Dincă, Daniela; Dragoste, Ramona; Popescu, Mihaela; Scurtu, Gabriela (2009–2010), Dicționar de împrumuturi lexicale din limba franceză (DILF), 2 vols., Craiova: Universitaria, p. s.v. antrena
9. ^ Macrea, Dimitrie; Petrovici, Emil (coord.) (1955–1957), Dicționarul limbii romîne literare contemporane, 4 vols., București: Editura Academiei Republicii Populare Romîne, p. 1, 97