vitorioso

Forms

vitorioso (feminine vitoriosa, masculine plural vitoriosos, feminine plural vitoriosas, metaphonic)^[1] The oldest record is the feminine uitoriosa (14th century); the 15th century wrote vitorioso, victorioso and vyturioso.^[2] The stressed vowel is closed /o/ in the singular and open /ɔ/ in the plural vitoriosos and in the feminine forms.^[3][4][1]

Etymology

It is borrowed from Latin victōriōsus (“victorious”), first recorded in the 14th century.^[2][5][1] Wiktionary calls it a learned borrowing, Nascentes a semi-learned one.^[1][6] The Latin adjective is formed from victōria (“victory”) with the suffix -ōsus.^[7] The noun is derived from victor (“conqueror”), and both belong to vincō (“to conquer”).^[1][8]

The same Latin word was borrowed as Galician victorioso, Spanish victorioso, Catalan victoriós, French victorieux and Italian vittorioso.^[1][9]

De Vaan traces the verb to a Proto-Italic verb “to tie, bind” that came to mean “to tie in, overcome”, from a nasal present of the root Proto-Indo-European *weyk-; its cognates include the Old Irish verb “to fight” and Ancient Greek εἴκω (eíkō, “to give way”).^[8][1]

Earliest recorded meaning

Houaiss dates the word to the 14th century from Cunha's index of medieval Portuguese, in the feminine uitoriosa.^[2] The sense is that of today: having won.^[2][5]

Semantic evolution

In Latin the adjective was ante- and post-classical: Gellius cites it among the words that Cato used only in praise, and it was later an epithet of the emperor Probus.^[7][10] Portuguese has used it for one who has won a battle or a contest since the Middle Ages.^[2] The dictionaries of the 16th and 17th centuries gloss it with Latin victor and Barbosa (1611) pairs it with vencedor.^[11][12][13] Today it is also said of an idea or cause that has prevailed, and as a noun of the winner.^[14][2]

Timeline

• 14th century – the feminine uitoriosa.^[2]
• 15th century – vitorioso, victorioso and vyturioso.^[2]
• 1525 – vitorioso in the Memorial da Infanta Santa Joana (witness after 1525).^[15]
• 1569 – Cardoso's dictionary glosses it with Latin victor.^[11]
• 1611 – Barbosa gives vitorioso, ou vencedor and the feminine vitoriosa.^[12]

Meanings

Adjective

1. victorious: having won a fight, contest or election; triunfante: A equipa vitoriosa desfilou pela cidade.^[2][14][1]
2. Of an idea, cause or project: having prevailed.^[14]

Noun

1. A winner, one who has gained a victory.^[2][14][4]

Word family

• vitoriosamente

Related words

• vitória
• vencer
• vencedor
• Latin victōriōsus
• Spanish victorioso

References

1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org
2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Houaiss, Antônio; Villar, Mauro de Salles (2001), Dicionário Houaiss da língua portuguesa, Rio de Janeiro: Objetiva, p. s.v. vitorioso
3. ^ Dicionário Priberam da Língua Portuguesa, Lisboa: Priberam Informática, https://dicionario.priberam.org, p. s.v. vitorioso
4. ^ a b Aulete, Francisco Júlio Caldas, Dicionário contemporâneo da língua portuguesa (1st ed. 1881), online as Aulete Digital, Rio de Janeiro: Lexikon, https://aulete.com.br, p. s.v. vitorioso
5. ^ a b Cunha, Antônio Geraldo da (2010), Dicionário etimológico da língua portuguesa, 4th ed., Rio de Janeiro: Lexikon, p. s.v. vitória
6. ^ Nascentes, Antenor (1966), Dicionário etimológico resumido, Rio de Janeiro: Instituto Nacional do Livro, p. s.v. vitorioso
7. ^ a b Glare, P. G. W., ed. (2012), Oxford Latin Dictionary, 2nd ed., Oxford: Oxford University Press, p. s.v. victōriōsus
8. ^ a b de Vaan, Michiel (2008), Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages, Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series 7, Leiden; Boston: Brill, p. s.v. vincō
9. ^ Real Academia Española; Asociación de Academias de la Lengua Española (2014–), Diccionario de la lengua española, 23rd ed., online version 23.8, https://dle.rae.es, p. s.v. victorioso
10. ^ Lewis, Charlton T.; Short, Charles (1879), A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press, p. s.v. victōriōsus
11. ^ a b Cardoso, Jerónimo (1569–1570), Dictionarium ex lusitanico in latinum sermonem, Lisboa: João Álvares (CLP transcription, Universidade de Aveiro), p. s.v. vitorioso
12. ^ a b Barbosa, Agostinho (1611), Dictionarium lusitanicolatinum, Braga: Fructuoso Lourenço de Basto (CLP transcription, Universidade de Aveiro), p. s.v. vitorioso
13. ^ Pereira, Bento (1697), Thesouro da lingoa portuguesa, in the 1697 edition of his Prosodia (1st ed. 1647; CLP transcription, Universidade de Aveiro), p. s.v. vitorioso
14. ^ a b c d Ferreira, Aurélio Buarque de Holanda, Novo dicionário Aurélio da língua portuguesa, digital edition, p. s.v. vitorioso
15. ^ Centro de Linguística da Universidade de Lisboa, CTA – Corpus de Textos Antigos, https://teitok.clul.ul.pt/cta, p. s.v. vitorioso