vivaz

Forms

vivaz m or f (plural vivazes)^[1]

Etymology

It is borrowed from Latin vīvāx (“long-lived; lively, ardent”).^[2][3][1] Nascentes calls it semi-learned and Aurélio popular.^[3][4] Houaiss notes the learned divergent form vivace, which as a musical term came from Italian.^[2][5]

The same Latin adjective gave Spanish vivaz, Galician vivaz, Catalan vivaç, French vivace and Italian vivace.^[6][1]

The Latin adjective is formed from vīvō (“to live”) with the suffix -āx.^[7][1] De Vaan traces the verb to Proto-Indo-European *gʷíh₃-ue/o- (“to live”).^[8]

Earliest recorded meaning

Houaiss's first date is that of Bluteau's dictionary (1721), which only refers vivaz to vividouro “long-lived” and notes that Horace used the comparative vivacior.^[2][9]

Semantic evolution

The word kept the Latin sense “long-lived”: Morais in 1789 defined it so and added plantas vivazes, plants that do not die each year.^[10] Vieira added the figurative sense “hard to destroy”.^[11] The sense “lively, energetic, ardent”, now the commonest, is listed first by the original Caldas Aulete and by Michaelis.^[12][13]

Timeline

• 1619 – first record of vivacidade.^[14]
• 1721 – Bluteau's dictionary refers vivaz to vividouro.^[2][9]
• 1789 – Morais records plantas vivazes.^[10]
• 1813 – Morais quotes the line croou a Dafne de vivaz loureiro.^[15]
• 1871–1874 – Vieira gives the botanical and figurative senses.^[11]

Meanings

Adjective

1. long-lived, that lives or can live a long time; vivedouro.^[2][16][1]
2. Lasting, that can endure a long time.^[2][13]
3. lively, active and energetic: Era uma criança vivaz e curiosa.^[2][12][1]
4. Strong, intense or ardent: um ódio vivaz.^[2][17]
5. Hard to destroy, resistant.^[2][17]
6. (botany) perennial, of a plant whose rhizome, bulb or tuber puts out new shoots every year.^[2][16][1]

Related words

• vivacidade
• viver
• vivo
• vivace
• Latin vīvāx
• Spanish vivaz

References

1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org
2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Houaiss, Antônio; Villar, Mauro de Salles (2001), Dicionário Houaiss da língua portuguesa, Rio de Janeiro: Objetiva, p. s.v. vivaz
3. ^ a b Nascentes, Antenor (1966), Dicionário etimológico resumido, Rio de Janeiro: Instituto Nacional do Livro, p. s.v. vivaz
4. ^ Ferreira, Aurélio Buarque de Holanda, Novo dicionário Aurélio da língua portuguesa, digital edition, p. s.v. vivaz
5. ^ Houaiss, Antônio; Villar, Mauro de Salles (2001), Dicionário Houaiss da língua portuguesa, Rio de Janeiro: Objetiva, p. s.v. vivace
6. ^ Real Academia Española; Asociación de Academias de la Lengua Española (2014–), Diccionario de la lengua española, 23rd ed., online version 23.8, https://dle.rae.es, p. s.v. vivaz
7. ^ Glare, P. G. W., ed. (2012), Oxford Latin Dictionary, 2nd ed., Oxford: Oxford University Press, p. s.v. vivax
8. ^ de Vaan, Michiel (2008), Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages, Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series 7, Leiden; Boston: Brill, p. s.v. vivo
9. ^ a b Bluteau, Raphael (1712–1728), Vocabulario portuguez e latino, 8 vols. + 2 supplement vols., Coimbra / Lisboa (CLP transcription, Universidade de Aveiro), p. s.v. vivaz
10. ^ a b Silva, António de Morais (1789), Diccionario da lingua portugueza composto pelo padre D. Rafael Bluteau, reformado, e accrescentado, 2 vols., Lisboa: Simão Thaddeo Ferreira, p. 2, 532
11. ^ a b Vieira, Frei Domingos (1871–1874), Grande Diccionario Portuguez ou Thesouro da lingua portugueza, 5 vols., Porto: Ernesto Chardron e Bartholomeu H. de Moraes, p. 5, 976
12. ^ a b Aulete, Francisco Júlio Caldas, Dicionário contemporâneo da língua portuguesa (1st ed. 1881), online as Aulete Digital, Rio de Janeiro: Lexikon, https://aulete.com.br, p. s.v. vivaz
13. ^ a b Michaelis: Moderno Dicionário da Língua Portuguesa, São Paulo: Melhoramentos (online as Michaelis Dicionário Brasileiro da Língua Portuguesa, https://michaelis.uol.com.br), p. s.v. vivaz
14. ^ Houaiss, Antônio; Villar, Mauro de Salles (2001), Dicionário Houaiss da língua portuguesa, Rio de Janeiro: Objetiva, p. s.v. vivacidade
15. ^ Silva, António de Morais (1813), Diccionario da lingua portugueza, 2nd ed., 2 vols., Lisboa: Typographia Lacerdina, p. 2, 860
16. ^ a b Porto Editora (2013), Grande Dicionário da Língua Portuguesa, Porto: Porto Editora, p. 9554
17. ^ a b Dicionário Priberam da Língua Portuguesa, Lisboa: Priberam Informática, https://dicionario.priberam.org, p. s.v. vivaz