victorioso

Forms

victorioso (feminine victoriosa, masculine plural victoriosos, feminine plural victoriosas)^[1] Autoridades records the variant vitorioso, which occurs in Mexico in 1532.^[2][3]

Etymology

It is a learned word, borrowed from Latin victōriōsus (“abounding in victories”).^[4][1][5] The Latin adjective is formed from victōria (“victory”) with the suffix -ōsus.^[6][1] The noun is from victor (“conqueror”), an agent noun of vincō (“to conquer”).^[1][5] The Latin word is ante- and post-classical: Cato used it, and it was an epithet of the emperor Probus.^[7] The Spanish Wiktionary instead analyses it as formed from Spanish victoria + -oso.^[8]

The same Latin adjective is Catalan victoriós, French victorieux, Italian vittorioso and Portuguese vitorioso.^[9][1][10]

Earliest recorded meaning

Corominas's first record is Santillana, about 1440, followed by the Comendador Griego in 1499.^[11][5] The HSMS finds it earlier, in a manuscript of the Viajes de Juan de Mandevilla (1357–1400) and in Juan Fernández de Heredia's Crónica de los conqueridores (1376–1396); the DEMel also has it in Heredia.^[12][13] The sense was “having won a victory”.^[13]

Semantic evolution

The Diccionario de Autoridades gave “one who has won a victory in any field”, also of the actions by which it is won, and an honorific title of warrior princes who had won many victories, quoting a chronicler on King Ferdinand mui justo, bueno, y victorioso.^[2] The Academy kept the title sense until 1869.^[14] From 1899 it gave the etymology and allowed the noun use.^[14][15] Today's dictionary adds a sense for what is proper to a victorious person.^[4] In the Americas the word appears from 1532, in Mexico.^[3]

Timeline

• 1357–1400 – a manuscript of the Viajes de Juan de Mandevilla has victorioso.^[12]
• 1376–1396 – Heredia's Crónica de los conqueridores.^[12][13]
• c. 1440 – Santillana, Corominas's first record.^[11][5]
• c. 1495 – Nebrija gives Latin victor and victoriosus.^[16]
• 1532 – first record from the Americas, in Mexico, as vitoriosos.^[3]
• 1726–1739 – Autoridades records the honorific title of princes.^[2]
• 1899 – the Academy's dictionary gives the etymology and the noun use.^[15]

Meanings

Adjective

1. victorious, triumphant: having won a victory in any field; also as a noun: Los victoriosos desfilaron por la avenida.^[4][1][17]
2. Proper to a victorious person: una sonrisa victoriosa.^[4]
3. Of an action: that gives the victory: la carga victoriosa de la caballería.^[4][17]

Related words

• victoria
• vencer
• invicto
• Latin victōriōsus

References

1. ^ a b c d e f g Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org
2. ^ a b c Real Academia Española (1726–1739), Diccionario de la lengua castellana (Diccionario de Autoridades), 6 vols., Madrid: Francisco del Hierro, p. 6, 478
3. ^ a b c Boyd-Bowman, Peter (2003), Léxico hispanoamericano 1493–1993, ed. Ray Harris-Northall and John J. Nitti, New York: Hispanic Seminary of Medieval Studies, p. s.v. victorioso
4. ^ a b c d e Real Academia Española; Asociación de Academias de la Lengua Española (2014–), Diccionario de la lengua española, 23rd ed., online version 23.8, https://dle.rae.es, p. s.v. victorioso
5. ^ a b c d Corominas, Joan (1973), Breve diccionario etimológico de la lengua castellana, 3rd ed., Madrid: Gredos, p. s.v. vencer
6. ^ Glare, P. G. W., ed. (2012), Oxford Latin Dictionary, 2nd ed., Oxford: Oxford University Press, p. s.v. uictōriōsus
7. ^ Lewis, Charlton T.; Short, Charles (1879), A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press, p. s.v. victōriōsus
8. ^ Wikcionario (Spanish Wiktionary), es.wiktionary.org
9. ^ Alcover, Antoni M.; Moll, Francesc de B. (1930–1962), Diccionari català-valencià-balear, 10 vols., Palma de Mallorca: Moll, p. s.v. victoriós
10. ^ Houaiss, Antônio; Villar, Mauro de Salles (2001), Dicionário Houaiss da língua portuguesa, Rio de Janeiro: Objetiva, p. s.v. vitorioso
11. ^ a b Corominas, Joan; Pascual, José A. (1980–1991), Diccionario crítico etimológico castellano e hispánico, 6 vols., Madrid: Gredos, p. 5, 768
12. ^ a b c Hispanic Seminary of Medieval Studies (2026), Old Spanish Textual Archive (OSTA): semi-paleographic transcriptions of Old Spanish texts, ed. Francisco Gago Jover et al., https://www.hispanicseminary.org, p. s.v. victorioso
13. ^ a b c Diccionario del Español Medieval electrónico (DEMel), data publication 2026 (CC BY-SA), Universität Rostock, p. s.v. victorioso
14. ^ a b Real Academia Española (1869), Diccionario de la lengua castellana, 11th ed., Madrid: Imprenta de Don Manuel Rivadeneyra, p. 792
15. ^ a b Real Academia Española (1899), Diccionario de la lengua castellana, 13th ed., Madrid: Imprenta de los Sres. Hernando y Compañía, p. 1018
16. ^ Nebrija, Antonio de (1513), Vocabulario español-latino, Salamanca, ed. Marina Vidal Díez (2007), Biblioteca Virtual Miguel de Cervantes, p. 430
17. ^ a b Moliner, María (2007), Diccionario de uso del español, 3rd ed., Madrid: Gredos, p. s.v. victorioso