vinho

Forms

vinho m (plural vinhos)^[1] Medieval texts spell the word uinho, vinno and vyo in the 13th century, vio in 1308 and vinho from 1365.^[2]

Etymology

It is inherited from Latin vīnum (“wine”), written Old Galician-Portuguese uinho, Old Galician-Portuguese vinno and Old Galician-Portuguese vyo in the oldest texts.^[2][3][1][4] García de Diego also records the old form Old Galician-Portuguese vio.^[5]

The same Latin word is Galician viño, Spanish vino, Catalan vi, French vin, Italian vino and Romanian vin.^[6][1] The initial /w/ of the Latin word became Portuguese /v/, and in the north of Portugal the word is said with /b/.^[7][1] Between the stressed /i/ and the final vowel the /n/ first left only a nasal vowel (spelt ⟨vyo⟩ or ⟨vio⟩); then a palatal nasal grew between the two vowels, giving ⟨nh⟩.^[8] Williams notes that the date of this change has not been determined;^[8][2] Houaiss's forms show ⟨vio⟩ in 1308 and ⟨vinho⟩ in 1365.^[8][2]

The Latin word goes back to Proto-Italic *wīnom, which has cognates in Faliscan and Umbrian.^[1][9] De Vaan derives the Indo-European words for “vine” and “wine” from an n-stem built on a root meaning “to weave, wrap”, so that the vine was “the weaving one”;^[9] Hittite kept the n-stem, while οἶνος (oînos) and the Armenian and Albanian words added an o-grade.^[9] Wiktionary gives the source as Proto-Indo-European *wóyh₁nom.^[1] The OLD instead puts the Latin, Greek, Armenian and Hebrew words down to a common Mediterranean source.^[10]

Earliest recorded meaning

Houaiss dates the word to the 13th century from Cunha's slips of medieval Portuguese.^[2] A cantiga d'escarnho of Afonso X already speaks of drinking good wine of Ourense (com' eu beveria [do] bõõ vinho d' Ourens), and one by Airas Perez Vuitoron of a loin of pork in wine and garlic (lombo de vinh' e d' alhos).^[11] The sense is the same as today: the drink made from fermented grapes.^[3][11]

Semantic evolution

Barbosa's dictionary of 1611 already lists set phrases such as vinho puro “unmixed wine”, and Bluteau (1712) describes the word as the juice of ripe grapes, pressed and fermented.^[12][13] By extension the word named any fermented drink made from fruit or plants, like apple or palm wine, and by metonymy a glass or bottle of wine; figuratively it means drunkenness and anything that intoxicates.^[2][14] The colour of red wine gave a noun and an invariable adjective “wine-coloured”.^[2]

In Brazil the fermented sugar-cane juice that goes into the still is also called vinho.^[15] Silva Bastos records a vinho judeu in Diu, a drink made from rice and certain herbs.^[16] The word passed into Kabuverdianu as vinhu, and Swahili mvinyo comes from it as well.^[1]

Timeline

• 13th century – first records, spelt uinho, vinno and vyo.^[2]
• 1308 – the form vio.^[2]
• 1365 – the spelling vinho.^[2]
• c. 1430 – vinho in the Horto do Esposo (witness of 1390–1437).^[17]
• 1569 – Cardoso's Portuguese–Latin dictionary glosses vinho with Latin vinum.^[18]
• 1611 – Barbosa lists vinho puro and other phrases.^[12]
• 1712 – Bluteau defines the word as fermented grape juice.^[13]
• 1912 – Silva Bastos records vinho judeu from Diu.^[16]

Meanings

Noun

1. wine, the alcoholic drink made by fermenting grape must: Pediram uma garrafa de vinho tinto.^{[2][3][19][1]}
2. By extension, a drink made by fermenting the juice of other fruits or plants: vinho de palma.^[2][14][19]
3. A glass or bottle of wine: Trouxe dois vinhos para o jantar.^[2][14]
4. (figurative) drunkenness; something that intoxicates.^[2][20][21]
5. The dark red colour of red wine.^[2][14]

Adjective

1. Of the colour of red wine; invariable: sapatos vinho.^[2][14]

Word family

• vinhaça
• vinhateiro
• vinhote
• vinhoca

Related words

• vinha
• vinagre
• vinário
• Latin vinum
• Galician viño
• Spanish vino

Usage notes

Vinho verde is a wine of a naturally sparkling kind, and vinho mouro is wine that has not been watered.^[20] The original Caldas Aulete lists vinho do Porto among its examples.^[14]

References

1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org
2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p Houaiss, Antônio; Villar, Mauro de Salles (2001), Dicionário Houaiss da língua portuguesa, Rio de Janeiro: Objetiva, p. s.v. vinho
3. ^ a b c Cunha, Antônio Geraldo da (2010), Dicionário etimológico da língua portuguesa, 4th ed., Rio de Janeiro: Lexikon, p. s.v. vinho
4. ^ Nascentes, Antenor (1966), Dicionário etimológico resumido, Rio de Janeiro: Instituto Nacional do Livro, p. s.v. vinho
5. ^ García de Diego, Vicente (1985), Diccionario etimológico español e hispánico, 2nd ed., Madrid: Espasa-Calpe (1st ed. 1954), p. s.v. vinum
6. ^ Meyer-Lübke, Wilhelm (1935), Romanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch, 3rd ed., Heidelberg: Winter, p. 9356
7. ^ Williams, Edwin B. (1938), From Latin to Portuguese: Historical Phonology and Morphology of the Portuguese Language, Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, p. § 61.4
8. ^ a b c Williams, Edwin B. (1938), From Latin to Portuguese: Historical Phonology and Morphology of the Portuguese Language, Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, p. § 78.4
9. ^ a b c de Vaan, Michiel (2008), Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages, Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series 7, Leiden; Boston: Brill
10. ^ Glare, P. G. W., ed. (2012), Oxford Latin Dictionary, 2nd ed., Oxford: Oxford University Press, p. s.v. vinum
11. ^ a b Instituto da Lingua Galega, Dicionario de dicionarios do galego medieval (DDGM), ed. Ernesto González Seoane, Santiago de Compostela: Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, https://ilg.usc.gal/ddgm, p. s.v. vinho
12. ^ a b Barbosa, Agostinho (1611), Dictionarium lusitanicolatinum, Braga: Fructuoso Lourenço de Basto (CLP transcription, Universidade de Aveiro), p. s.v. vinho
13. ^ a b Bluteau, Raphael (1712–1728), Vocabulario portuguez e latino, 8 vols. + 2 supplement vols., Coimbra / Lisboa (CLP transcription, Universidade de Aveiro), p. s.v. vinho
14. ^ a b c d e f Aulete, Francisco Júlio Caldas, Dicionário contemporâneo da língua portuguesa (1st ed. 1881), online as Aulete Digital, Rio de Janeiro: Lexikon, https://aulete.com.br, p. s.v. vinho
15. ^ Instituto da Lingua Galega, Tesouro do léxico patrimonial galego e portugués (TLPGP), Santiago de Compostela: Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, https://ilg.usc.gal/tesouro, p. s.v. vinho
16. ^ a b Silva Bastos, José Timóteo da (1912), Diccionario etymologico, prosodico e orthographico da lingua portugueza, Lisboa: Parceria António Maria Pereira, p. s.v. vinho
17. ^ Centro de Linguística da Universidade de Lisboa, CTA – Corpus de Textos Antigos, https://teitok.clul.ul.pt/cta, p. s.v. vinho
18. ^ Cardoso, Jerónimo (1569–1570), Dictionarium ex lusitanico in latinum sermonem, Lisboa: João Álvares (CLP transcription, Universidade de Aveiro), p. s.v. vinho
19. ^ a b Ferreira, Aurélio Buarque de Holanda, Novo dicionário Aurélio da língua portuguesa, digital edition, p. s.v. vinho
20. ^ a b Dicionário Priberam da Língua Portuguesa, Lisboa: Priberam Informática, https://dicionario.priberam.org, p. s.v. vinho
21. ^ Porto Editora (2013), Grande Dicionário da Língua Portuguesa, Porto: Porto Editora, p. 9519