vino

Forms

vino m (plural vinos)^[1] Old Spanish wrote vino, uino and bino; the Fuero de León has bino and biño.^[2][3][1]

Etymology

It is inherited from Latin vīnum (“wine”).^[4][5][6][1] Old Spanish had the form vino, also written bino.^[1][3]

The word is common to all the Romance languages: Portuguese vinho, Galician viño, Asturian vinu, Catalan vi, Occitan vin, French vin, Italian vino, Sardinian binu and Romanian vin.^[4][7][1] The Latin word also gave Celtic and Germanic forms, such as English wine and German Wein.^[8]

The Latin word belongs with Ancient Greek οἶνος (oînos), Armenian and Albanian words for wine, Hittite and Luwian words for wine and vine, and similar Semitic words.^[8][9][10] De Vaan derives them from an n-stem of the parent language, *uih₁-on- (“vine; wine”), from the root “to weave, wind”, the vine being “the winding one”.^[9] The OLD and Gómez de Silva consider the word probably of Mediterranean origin, and the DHLF leaves the question open.^[10][11][8]

Earliest recorded meaning

Corominas dates the word to a charter of 1048 in Oelschläger's list.^[4][5] The Cantar de mio Cid (c. 1140, in a 14th-century copy) has it often: Martín Antolínez supplies the Cid and his men „de pan e de vino” “with bread and wine”.^[12][13]

Semantic evolution

Berceo has vino piment, which Lanchetas takes for a strong, generous wine.^[14] Nebrija (1495) names many kinds of wine, such as vino aguado, blanco and tinto.^[4] Autoridades (1739) defines it as the fermented juice of grapes, by extension the fermented juice of other plants, such as palm wine and the maize beer of the Indians, and metaphorically anything that clouds the reason.^[15] The Academy's later editions list many named wines and proverbs, such as vino acedo y tocino añejo y pan de centeno sostienen la casa en peso.^[16][17]

In Spain tener buen or mal vino means to be a cheerful or a quarrelsome drinker.^[18][19] The Americas have local drinks called vino, such as vino de palma in Panama and vino de coyol in Central America.^[20] The word passed into Classical Nahuatl and, as bino, into Tagalog.^[1] English took vino in 1919 for an inferior wine, from Italian and Spanish.^[21]

Timeline

• 1048 – first record, in a charter.^[4][5]
• c. 1140 – the Cantar de mio Cid speaks of bread and wine.^[12]
• 1202 – the Cortes de Benavente, the first record without a later copy in the CDH.^[12]
• 1275 – first record of vinajera, in an inventory of Salamanca.^[4][5]
• 1512 – first record in the Americas, a cask of wine in Puerto Rico.^[22]
• 1611 – Covarrubias derives Latin vinum from vis “force”, “because it does violence to the mind”.^[23]
• 1739 – Autoridades defines the fermented juice of grapes and of other plants.^[15]
• 1919 – English borrows vino.^[21]

Meanings

Noun

1. wine: an alcoholic drink made from the pressed and naturally fermented juice of grapes.^[6][1]
2. The fermented juice of other plants or fruits: vino de arroz.^[6]

Word family

• vinatero
• vinaza
• vínico
• vinillo
• vinariego
• envinar

Related words

• viña
• vinagre
• vendimia
• enología
• Latin vīnum
• Portuguese vinho

Usage notes

Vino is also the third person singular preterite of venir “to come” (vino ayer), a different word.^[24] Kinds of wine include vino tinto “red wine”, vino blanco, vino rosado and vino de mesa “table wine”.^[25][26]

References

1. ^ a b c d e f g h Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org
2. ^ Diccionario del Español Medieval electrónico (DEMel), data publication 2026 (CC BY-SA), Universität Rostock, p. s.v. vino
3. ^ a b Cejador y Frauca, Julio (1929), Vocabulario medieval castellano, Madrid: Librería y Casa Editorial Hernando, p. 429
4. ^ a b c d e f Corominas, Joan; Pascual, José A. (1980–1991), Diccionario crítico etimológico castellano e hispánico, 6 vols., Madrid: Gredos, p. 5, 822
5. ^ a b c d Corominas, Joan (1973), Breve diccionario etimológico de la lengua castellana, 3rd ed., Madrid: Gredos, p. s.v. vino
6. ^ a b c Real Academia Española; Asociación de Academias de la Lengua Española (2014–), Diccionario de la lengua española, 23rd ed., online version 23.8, https://dle.rae.es, p. s.v. vino
7. ^ Meyer-Lübke, Wilhelm (1935), Romanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch, 3rd ed., Heidelberg: Winter, p. 9356
8. ^ a b c Rey, Alain, ed. (1992), Dictionnaire historique de la langue française, Paris: Le Robert, p. s.v. vin
9. ^ a b de Vaan, Michiel (2008), Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages, Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series 7, Leiden; Boston: Brill
10. ^ a b Glare, P. G. W., ed. (2012), Oxford Latin Dictionary, 2nd ed., Oxford: Oxford University Press
11. ^ Gómez de Silva, Guido (1988), Breve diccionario etimológico de la lengua española, México: Fondo de Cultura Económica / El Colegio de México, p. 727
12. ^ a b c Real Academia Española (2013–), Corpus del Diccionario histórico de la lengua española (CDH), version 3.1, https://apps.rae.es/CNDHE, p. s.v. vino
13. ^ Menéndez Pidal, Ramón (1908–1911), Cantar de Mio Cid: texto, gramática y vocabulario, 3 vols., Madrid: Bailly-Baillière, p. 492
14. ^ Lanchetas, Rufino (1900), Gramática y vocabulario de las obras de Gonzalo de Berceo, Madrid: Sucesores de Rivadeneyra, p. 795
15. ^ a b Real Academia Española (1726–1739), Diccionario de la lengua castellana (Diccionario de Autoridades), 6 vols., Madrid: Francisco del Hierro, p. 6, 490
16. ^ Real Academia Española (1817), Diccionario de la lengua castellana, 5th ed., Madrid: Imprenta Real, p. 893
17. ^ Real Academia Española (1869), Diccionario de la lengua castellana, 11th ed., Madrid: Imprenta de Don Manuel Rivadeneyra, p. 795
18. ^ León, Víctor (1980), Diccionario de argot español y lenguaje popular, Madrid: Alianza Editorial, p. s.v. vino
19. ^ Alcalá Venceslada, Antonio (1951), Vocabulario andaluz, Madrid: Real Academia Española, p. 649
20. ^ Asociación de Academias de la Lengua Española (2010), Diccionario de americanismos, Lima: Santillana; online at https://www.asale.org/damer, p. s.v. vino
21. ^ a b Harper, Douglas. Online Etymology Dictionary, https://www.etymonline.com
22. ^ Boyd-Bowman, Peter (2003), Léxico hispanoamericano 1493–1993, ed. Ray Harris-Northall and John J. Nitti, New York: Hispanic Seminary of Medieval Studies, p. s.v. vino
23. ^ Covarrubias Orozco, Sebastián de (1611), Tesoro de la lengua castellana o española, Madrid: Luis Sánchez (Biblioteca Wordkers transcription, CC BY 4.0), p. 1390
24. ^ Real Academia Española; Asociación de Academias de la Lengua Española (2014–), Diccionario de la lengua española, 23rd ed., online version 23.8, https://dle.rae.es, p. s.v. venir
25. ^ Moliner, María (2007), Diccionario de uso del español, 3rd ed., Madrid: Gredos, p. s.v. vino
26. ^ Battaner Arias, Paz (dir.) (2017), Diccionario general de la lengua española VOX, Barcelona: Larousse Editorial, p. s.v. vino