restaurar

Forms

restaurar (first-person singular present restauro, first-person singular preterite restaurei, past participle restaurado)^[1] Old Galician-Portuguese also had restoyrar (1395) and restolar.^[2][3]

Etymology

It is borrowed from Latin rēstaurō (“to restore, rebuild”), a learned word.^[2][4][5][1] The medieval variants Old Galician-Portuguese restoyrar and Old Galician-Portuguese restolar show the Latin word adapted in speech.^[2][3] The inherited outcome of the Latin verb is Italian ristorare (“to refresh”); Spanish restaurar and French restaurer are learned like the Portuguese word.^[6]

The Latin verb is formed from re- and a verb *staurō found also in īnstaurō (“to renew”).^[7] Wiktionary compares Sanskrit स्थूर (sthūrá, “big, strong”) and Proto-Germanic *stōraz (“big, strong”).^[1]

Earliest recorded meaning

A Galician charter of 1333 asks that a chapel se Restaure senpre “be always kept in repair”.^[3] One of 1395 binds the tenants to roof and repair (cobrir et Restoyrar) a building.^[3]

Semantic evolution

The first sense was “to repair a building”: the Crónica Geral tells how a church was restored and an altar set up in it.^[3] Bluteau (1712–1728) defines the verb as renewing a thing and putting it back in its former state, and adds restoring a city, a house and one's strength.^[8] Morais (1789) adds making good a loss or damage and restoring one's reputation or credit.^[9] Modern dictionaries also have “to regain what was lost” and “to restore (a dynasty, a government) to power”.^[2][10]

Timeline

• 1333 – Restaure in a Galician charter.^[2][3]
• 1395 – the variant restoyrar.^[2][3]
• 1576 – restaurar in a private letter.^[11]
• 1697 – Pereira renders it by Latin reparo and restauro.^[12]
• 1700s – first record of restaurador.^[4]
• 1813 – first record of restaurativo.^[4]
• 1873 – first record of restaurável.^[4]

Meanings

Verb

1. To regain possession of, recover (something lost): O exército restaurou as cidades ocupadas.^[2][13]
2. To put back in good condition, repair; especially to restore a building or work of art.^[2][10][1]
3. To re-establish, bring back into force; to restore (a dynasty or government) to power.^[2][14]
4. To begin again.^[2][15]
5. To give new splendour to.^[2][10]
6. To make good (damage); to compensate.^[2]
7. To give new strength to.^[2][14] (reflexive) to recover one's strength: Restaurou-se depois de umas férias.^[2][14]

Word family

• restaurador
• restauramento
• restaurativo
• restaurável

Related words

• restauração
• instaurar
• Latin rēstaurō
• Italian ristorare

References

1. ^ a b c d e f g h Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org
2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Houaiss, Antônio; Villar, Mauro de Salles (2001), Dicionário Houaiss da língua portuguesa, Rio de Janeiro: Objetiva, p. s.v. restaurar
3. ^ a b c d e f g Instituto da Lingua Galega, Dicionario de dicionarios do galego medieval (DDGM), ed. Ernesto González Seoane, Santiago de Compostela: Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, https://ilg.usc.gal/ddgm, p. s.v. restaurar
4. ^ a b c d Cunha, Antônio Geraldo da (2010), Dicionário etimológico da língua portuguesa, 4th ed., Rio de Janeiro: Lexikon, p. s.v. restaurar
5. ^ Nascentes, Antenor (1966), Dicionário etimológico resumido, Rio de Janeiro: Instituto Nacional do Livro, p. s.v. restaurar
6. ^ Meyer-Lübke, Wilhelm (1935), Romanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch, 3rd ed., Heidelberg: Winter, p. s.v. restaurare
7. ^ Glare, P. G. W., ed. (2012), Oxford Latin Dictionary, 2nd ed., Oxford: Oxford University Press, p. s.v. restauro
8. ^ Bluteau, Raphael (1712–1728), Vocabulario portuguez e latino, 8 vols. + 2 supplement vols., Coimbra / Lisboa (CLP transcription, Universidade de Aveiro), p. s.v. restaurar
9. ^ Silva, António de Morais (1789), Diccionario da lingua portugueza composto pelo padre D. Rafael Bluteau, reformado, e accrescentado, 2 vols., Lisboa: Simão Thaddeo Ferreira, p. 2, 336
10. ^ a b c Dicionário Priberam da Língua Portuguesa, Lisboa: Priberam Informática, https://dicionario.priberam.org, p. s.v. restaurar
11. ^ CLUL (ed.) (2014), P.S. Post Scriptum: Arquivo Digital de Escrita Quotidiana em Portugal e Espanha na Época Moderna, Lisboa: Centro de Linguística da Universidade de Lisboa, http://ps.clul.ul.pt, p. s.v. restaurar
12. ^ Pereira, Bento (1697), Thesouro da lingoa portuguesa, in the 1697 edition of his Prosodia (1st ed. 1647; CLP transcription, Universidade de Aveiro), p. s.v. restaurar
13. ^ Ferreira, Aurélio Buarque de Holanda, Novo dicionário Aurélio da língua portuguesa, digital edition, p. s.v. restaurar
14. ^ a b c Porto Editora (2013), Grande Dicionário da Língua Portuguesa, Porto: Porto Editora, p. 8057
15. ^ Academia das Ciências de Lisboa, Dicionário da Língua Portuguesa, revised online edition (2023–) of the Dicionário da Língua Portuguesa Contemporânea (2001), https://dicionario.acad-ciencias.pt, p. s.v. restaurar