jungir

Forms

jungir (first-person singular present junjo, first-person singular preterite jungi, past participle jungido)^[1] The older spelling was junguir, recorded in 1597 and 1609.^[2] Bluteau gives jungir, ou junguir.^[3] Feijó (1734) prescribes jungir and rejects junguir.^[4] Wiktionary lists the variants jenguir, jinguir, jonguer and junguer.^[1]

Etymology

It is inherited from Latin iungō (“to yoke, join”).^[2][5][1] Nascentes considers it semi-learned.^[6] Houaiss and Cunha first record it in the 16th century, while Wiktionary dates it to about 1350.^[2][5][1]

The same Latin verb is Galician xunguir, Spanish uncir, Catalan junyir, Occitan jónher, French joindre and Italian giungere.^[7][1] The Latin verb belongs with iugum (“yoke”).^[2][8] It comes from *jungō, from a nasal present Proto-Indo-European *yunégti of the root *yewg-, and the OLD compares Ancient Greek ζεύγνυμι (zeúgnumi) and Lithuanian jungiu.^[1][8]

Earliest recorded meaning

Houaiss's first record is the Monarquia Lusitana of 1597, in the spelling junguir.^[2] Bluteau quotes it for the man to whom Diodorus attributes the first yoking of oxen (a invençaõ de junguir boys) and for boys junguidos nos carros “oxen yoked to the carts”.^[3]

Semantic evolution

The literal sense is putting draught animals under the yoke, as in Latin.^[2][8] Bluteau glosses it simply as “to join”, and Vieira as “to put oxen under the yoke”.^[3][9] The dictionaries also record the general sense “to unite, bind” and, through the image of the yoke, “to subdue, subject”.^[2][10] Portuguese dialect surveys record it as the word for yoking oxen.^[11] Michaelis notes that it is defective, lacking the first person singular of the present indicative and the present subjunctive.^[12]

Timeline

• 1597 – junguir in the Monarquia Lusitana.^[2]
• 1609 – junguir again.^[2]
• 1712–1728 – Bluteau enters jungir, ou junguir.^[3]
• 1734 – Feijó prescribes jungir.^[4]
• 1871–1874 – Vieira: to put oxen under the yoke.^[9]

Meanings

Verb

1. To yoke (draught animals) together; to harness them to a cart or plough.^{[2][10][13][1]}
2. To join, unite, bind.^[2][14][13]
3. To subjugate, subject by force.^[2][10]

Word family

• conjungir
• disjungir

Related words

• jugo
• junto
• juntar
• ajoujar
• Latin iungō
• Galician xunguir
• Spanish uncir

References

1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org
2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Houaiss, Antônio; Villar, Mauro de Salles (2001), Dicionário Houaiss da língua portuguesa, Rio de Janeiro: Objetiva, p. s.v. jungir
3. ^ a b c d Bluteau, Raphael (1712–1728), Vocabulario portuguez e latino, 8 vols. + 2 supplement vols., Coimbra / Lisboa (CLP transcription, Universidade de Aveiro), p. s.v. jungir
4. ^ a b Feijó, João de Morais Madureira (1734), Orthographia, ou Arte de escrever, e pronunciar com acerto a lingua portugueza, Lisboa (CLP transcription, Universidade de Aveiro), p. s.v. jungir
5. ^ a b Cunha, Antônio Geraldo da (2010), Dicionário etimológico da língua portuguesa, 4th ed., Rio de Janeiro: Lexikon, p. s.v. jungir
6. ^ Nascentes, Antenor (1966), Dicionário etimológico resumido, Rio de Janeiro: Instituto Nacional do Livro, p. s.v. jungir
7. ^ Meyer-Lübke, Wilhelm (1935), Romanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch, 3rd ed., Heidelberg: Winter, p. 4620
8. ^ a b c Glare, P. G. W., ed. (2012), Oxford Latin Dictionary, 2nd ed., Oxford: Oxford University Press, p. s.v. iungō
9. ^ a b Vieira, Frei Domingos (1871–1874), Grande Diccionario Portuguez ou Thesouro da lingua portugueza, 5 vols., Porto: Ernesto Chardron e Bartholomeu H. de Moraes, p. 3, 1219
10. ^ a b c Ferreira, Aurélio Buarque de Holanda, Novo dicionário Aurélio da língua portuguesa, digital edition, p. s.v. jungir
11. ^ Instituto da Lingua Galega, Tesouro do léxico patrimonial galego e portugués (TLPGP), Santiago de Compostela: Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, https://ilg.usc.gal/tesouro, p. s.v. jungir
12. ^ Michaelis: Moderno Dicionário da Língua Portuguesa, São Paulo: Melhoramentos (online as Michaelis Dicionário Brasileiro da Língua Portuguesa, https://michaelis.uol.com.br), p. s.v. jungir
13. ^ a b Academia das Ciências de Lisboa, Dicionário da Língua Portuguesa, revised online edition (2023–) of the Dicionário da Língua Portuguesa Contemporânea (2001), https://dicionario.acad-ciencias.pt, p. s.v. jungir
14. ^ Dicionário Priberam da Língua Portuguesa, Lisboa: Priberam Informática, https://dicionario.priberam.org, p. s.v. jungir