julgamento

Forms

julgamento m (plural julgamentos)^[1]

Etymology

It is formed from Portuguese julgar + -mento, and first recorded in the 14th century.^[2][3][4][5] Wiktionary also traces it to Late Latin iūdicāmentum, a noun formed from iūdicō (“to judge”) and used in Medieval Latin for a judge's sentence.^[1][6] The same formation is Spanish juzgamiento, Catalan jutjament, Occitan jutjament, French jugement and Italian giudicamento.^[1]

The base verb continues the Latin one and was written Old Galician-Portuguese juigar in 1273.^[7] Houaiss and Cunha find the ⟨l⟩ of the modern form hard to explain.^[7][3] Wiktionary takes the modern form from Old Leonese iulgar, beside the native Old Galician-Portuguese juygar.^[1] The Latin verb comes from iūdex (“judge”), formed from iūs (“law”) and the root of dīcō (“to say”).^[8][1]

Earliest recorded meaning

An early record is in the Galician translation of the Crónica General, which calls death tortiçeyra en julgamento “unjust in its judgement” to many.^[9] Machado cited a 15th-century example from the Ordenações of Afonso V, per julguamento nosso “by our judgement”, said of who is fit to fight a challenger.^[9]

Semantic evolution

Houaiss dates the legal sense “sentence of a judge or a court” to the 15th century.^[2] Morais (1813) defines the word as “a judge's sentence”, citing the Ordenações Afonsinas.^[10] Vieira (1871–1874) gives “the act of judging” and also “examination, assessment”.^[11] Modern dictionaries add the court hearing itself and a critical opinion of someone or something.^[2][4][12] Modern Galician has xulgamento, and some speakers use the Castilianism xusgamento.^[9]

Timeline

• 1273 – juigarom, a form of the verb julgar.^[7]
• 14th century – first record of julgamento.^[2][3]
• 15th century – the sense “court sentence”.^[2] Julguamento appears in the Ordenações of Afonso V.^[9]
• 1813 – Morais defines it as “a judge's sentence”.^[10]
• 1871–1874 – Vieira adds “examination, assessment”.^[11]

Meanings

Noun

1. The act or process of judging; judgment.^[2][4][1]
2. (law) The decision of a judge or court; verdict, sentence (sentença).^[2][4][1]
3. (law) A trial, a court hearing: O julgamento foi adiado para março.^[2][4][1]
4. An assessment or opinion of someone or something: Não faças julgamentos sobre quem não conheces.^[2][4][13]

Word family

• prejulgamento

Related words

• juiz
• juizado
• juízo
• julgado
• julgador
• julgar
• Late Latin iūdicāmentum
• Spanish juzgamiento

References

1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org
2. ^ a b c d e f g h i Houaiss, Antônio; Villar, Mauro de Salles (2001), Dicionário Houaiss da língua portuguesa, Rio de Janeiro: Objetiva, p. s.v. julgamento
3. ^ a b c Cunha, Antônio Geraldo da (2010), Dicionário etimológico da língua portuguesa, 4th ed., Rio de Janeiro: Lexikon, p. s.v. juízo
4. ^ a b c d e f Ferreira, Aurélio Buarque de Holanda, Novo dicionário Aurélio da língua portuguesa, digital edition, p. s.v. julgamento
5. ^ Academia das Ciências de Lisboa, Dicionário da Língua Portuguesa, revised online edition (2023–) of the Dicionário da Língua Portuguesa Contemporânea (2001), https://dicionario.acad-ciencias.pt, p. s.v. julgamento
6. ^ du Cange, Charles du Fresne, et al. (1883–1887), Glossarium mediae et infimae latinitatis, augmented ed. by Léopold Favre, Niort: L. Favre, p. s.v. judicamentum
7. ^ a b c Houaiss, Antônio; Villar, Mauro de Salles (2001), Dicionário Houaiss da língua portuguesa, Rio de Janeiro: Objetiva, p. s.v. julgar
8. ^ Glare, P. G. W., ed. (2012), Oxford Latin Dictionary, 2nd ed., Oxford: Oxford University Press, p. s.v. iūdex
9. ^ a b c d Instituto da Lingua Galega, Dicionario de dicionarios do galego medieval (DDGM), ed. Ernesto González Seoane, Santiago de Compostela: Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, https://ilg.usc.gal/ddgm, p. s.v. julgamento
10. ^ a b Silva, António de Morais (1813), Diccionario da lingua portugueza, 2nd ed., 2 vols., Lisboa: Typographia Lacerdina, p. 2, 193
11. ^ a b Vieira, Frei Domingos (1871–1874), Grande Diccionario Portuguez ou Thesouro da lingua portugueza, 5 vols., Porto: Ernesto Chardron e Bartholomeu H. de Moraes, p. 3, 1215
12. ^ Porto Editora (2013), Grande Dicionário da Língua Portuguesa, Porto: Porto Editora, p. 5501
13. ^ Dicionário Priberam da Língua Portuguesa, Lisboa: Priberam Informática, https://dicionario.priberam.org, p. s.v. julgamento