juízo

Forms

juízo m (plural juízos)^[1] Old Galician-Portuguese wrote juyzo, iuyzo, iuizo, joyzo, jhoyzo and juyzio.^[2][3][4] Bluteau and the older dictionaries write juizo, without the accent.^[5][1]

Etymology

It is inherited from Latin iūdicium (“judgement, trial, sentence”), written Old Galician-Portuguese juyzo in the oldest texts.^[2][3][6][7] Wiktionary considers it probably a semi-learned word taken from the Latin.^[1]

The same Latin word is Galician xuízo, Spanish juicio, Italian giudizio and Old French juise.^[8][9][1] The Latin noun is formed from iūdex (“judge”) with the suffix -ium.^[10][1] Cunha explains the word for the judge as “the one who says the law”, from iūs (“law”) and the root of dīcō (“to say”).^[3]

Earliest recorded meaning

The oldest records are in Galician-Portuguese charters: in 1228 mays in ipsa uilla conplan juyzo sobre ipsa pignora “but in that town let them carry out judgement on those pledges”, still mixed with Latin, and todolos juyzos que aqui non son scriptos “all the judgements that are not written here”.^[4] Lorenzo's chronology has andaron ia muyto en juyzo “they had already been long at law” from about 1253–1254, and Houaiss dates the word to 1270.^[4][2] The first sense is legal: a judgement, a lawsuit, a trial.^[4]

Semantic evolution

In the Cantigas de Santa Maria the word means a judgement or sentence, bon joyzo dar, and o dia do juyzio is Judgement Day; a cantiga de escarnho of Afonso X speaks of the Last Judgement, en juizo, quando ante ti for.^[4][11] The Crónica Geral uses it for justice and judicial decision, foy omẽ muy dereytoso en juyzo.^[4] Viterbo explains that the juizo of the old charters of rights was the judgement of God, an ordeal by hot iron, boiling water, oath or duel.^[12]

From the 15th century the word also meant “mind, head”, as in não me sai do juízo.^[2] Bluteau (1712–1728) puts first the faculty by which one tells good from evil and truth from falsehood, with homem de juizo “a sensible man”;^[5] the senses “good sense, discretion” and “opinion” are now the commonest.^[13][14] Logic and philosophy gave it the sense of a proposition joining a subject and a predicate.^[2][7] In Brazil juízo is a court of law and, in some regions, the brain, and dentes de juízo are the wisdom teeth.^[15][16]

Timeline

• 1228 – juyzo and iuyzo in a Galician-Portuguese charter.^[4]
• c. 1253–1254 – andaron ia muyto en juyzo.^[4]
• 1270 – Houaiss's first date.^[2]
• 13th century – joyzo and juyzio in the Cantigas de Santa Maria.^[4][2]
• 1287 – the spelling jhoyzo.^[4]
• c. 1430 – juizo and juyzo in the Horto do Esposo (witness 1390–1437).^[17][18]
• 15th century – the sense “mind, head”.^[2]
• 1712–1728 – Bluteau defines it as the intellectual faculty of judging.^[5]
• 1798–1799 – Viterbo explains the juizo of the old charters as the judgement of God.^[12]

Meanings

Noun

1. The act or process of judging (julgar); a judgement.^[2][13][1]
2. An opinion, view or assessment of someone or something.^[13][14][1]
3. Good sense, discernment, prudence: ter juízo, perder o juízo.^[2][13][1]
4. The mind, the head, one's thoughts.^[2][14]
5. (law) A court or forum where cases are tried; jurisdiction (jurisdição).^[2][13]
6. (logic, philosophy) A proposition that affirms or denies a predicate of a subject.^[2][7]
7. (religion) The divine judgement at the end of the world: o Juízo Final.^[14][1]

Word family

• ajuizado
• ajuizar
• desajuizado

Related words

• juiz
• juizado
• julgar
• judicial
• Latin iūdicium
• Spanish juicio

References

1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org
2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Houaiss, Antônio; Villar, Mauro de Salles (2001), Dicionário Houaiss da língua portuguesa, Rio de Janeiro: Objetiva, p. s.v. juízo
3. ^ a b c Cunha, Antônio Geraldo da (2010), Dicionário etimológico da língua portuguesa, 4th ed., Rio de Janeiro: Lexikon, p. s.v. juízo
4. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Instituto da Lingua Galega, Dicionario de dicionarios do galego medieval (DDGM), ed. Ernesto González Seoane, Santiago de Compostela: Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, https://ilg.usc.gal/ddgm, p. s.v. juyzo
5. ^ a b c Bluteau, Raphael (1712–1728), Vocabulario portuguez e latino, 8 vols. + 2 supplement vols., Coimbra / Lisboa (CLP transcription, Universidade de Aveiro), p. s.v. juízo
6. ^ Nascentes, Antenor (1966), Dicionário etimológico resumido, Rio de Janeiro: Instituto Nacional do Livro, p. s.v. juízo
7. ^ a b c Academia das Ciências de Lisboa, Dicionário da Língua Portuguesa, revised online edition (2023–) of the Dicionário da Língua Portuguesa Contemporânea (2001), https://dicionario.acad-ciencias.pt, p. s.v. juízo
8. ^ Meyer-Lübke, Wilhelm (1935), Romanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch, 3rd ed., Heidelberg: Winter, p. 4601
9. ^ García de Diego, Vicente (1985), Diccionario etimológico español e hispánico, 2nd ed., Madrid: Espasa-Calpe (1st ed. 1954), p. s.v. judicium
10. ^ Glare, P. G. W., ed. (2012), Oxford Latin Dictionary, 2nd ed., Oxford: Oxford University Press, p. s.v. iūdicium
11. ^ Universo Cantigas: Glosario da poesía medieval profana galego-portuguesa, A Coruña: Instituto da Lingua e Literatura (ILLA), Universidade da Coruña, https://www.universocantigas.gal, p. s.v. juizo
12. ^ a b Viterbo, Joaquim de Santa Rosa de (1798–1799), Elucidario das palavras, termos e frases que em Portugal antiguamente se usárão, 2 vols., Lisboa: Simão Thaddeo Ferreira, p. 2, 63
13. ^ a b c d e Ferreira, Aurélio Buarque de Holanda, Novo dicionário Aurélio da língua portuguesa, digital edition, p. s.v. juízo
14. ^ a b c d Porto Editora (2013), Grande Dicionário da Língua Portuguesa, Porto: Porto Editora, p. 5500
15. ^ Schlee, Aldyr Garcia (2019), Dicionário da Cultura Pampeana Sul-Rio-Grandense, 2 vols., Pelotas: Fructos do Paiz, p. s.v. juízo
16. ^ Instituto da Lingua Galega, Tesouro do léxico patrimonial galego e portugués (TLPGP), Santiago de Compostela: Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, https://ilg.usc.gal/tesouro, p. s.v. juízo
17. ^ Centro de Linguística da Universidade de Lisboa, CTA – Corpus de Textos Antigos, https://teitok.clul.ul.pt/cta, p. s.v. juizo
18. ^ Centro de Linguística da Universidade de Lisboa, CTA – Corpus de Textos Antigos, https://teitok.clul.ul.pt/cta, p. s.v. juyzo