Etymologically

Etymology and origin of the Portuguese word dezembro

Confidence
Established
Formation
Inherited
First attested
1261 a Galician-Portuguese charter More words from the 13th century
Inherited from
Latin December
Ultimate origin
Latin December
Etymology tree
inherited borrowed derived
Proto-Indo-European *déḱm̥
Ancient Greek δέκα (déka)
Latin decem
Catalan deu
French dix
Italian diciannove
Italian dieci
Portuguese dez
Romanian zece
Spanish diez
Latin December
Catalan desembre
Portuguese dezembro
Spanish diciembre
English December
German Dezember
The word's journey
From the same root
Ancient Greek δεκάς (dekás) ← δέκα
English decimate ← decem
French dizaine ← decem
Latin decānus ← decem
Latin decempeda ← decem
Latin decemvir ← decem
Latin decennis ← decem
Latin deciēns ← decem
Latin decuria ← decem
Latin dēnī ← decem
Latin duodecim ← decem
Latin quattuordecim ← decem
Latin quīndecim ← decem
Latin sēdecim ← decem
Latin septendecim ← decem
Latin trēdecim ← decem
Latin ūndecim ← decem
Italian diciassette ← dieci
Romanian treizeci ← zece

Pronunciation

  • Brazil: /deˈzẽ.bɾu/[1]
  • Portugal: /dɨˈzẽ.bɾu/, /ˈd͡zẽ.bɾu/[1]

Forms

dezembro m (plural dezembros)[1] The medieval texts write deszenbro (1262), decembro (1266), dezenbre (1275), deçenbro (1282), dezembro and desembro (1352).[2][3] Until the spelling reforms (1943 in Brazil, 1990 in Portugal) the month was written with a capital, Dezembro.[1]

Etymology

It is inherited from Latin December (“the tenth month”), the name of the tenth month of the old Roman year, which began in March; the noun for “month” was understood with it.[2][4][5] Wiktionary and Nascentes take the Portuguese word more precisely from a by-form Decembrius, and Nascentes explains the final ⟨-o⟩ by the analogy of the months from janeiro to agosto.[1][6]

The same Latin word is Galician decembro, Spanish diciembre, Catalan desembre, French décembre and Italian dicembre.[1][7]

The Latin name is formed on decem (“ten”).[4][7] The rest of the word is unclear: the OLD analyses it as built on decimus (“tenth”) and the stem of mēnsis (“month”), and Wiktionary calls the origin uncertain, perhaps a shortened compound meaning “of the tenth month”.[8][1] The numeral goes back to Proto-Italic *dekem and Proto-Indo-European *déḱm̥ (“ten”).[1][9]

Earliest recorded meaning

The month appears in dated charters from the middle of the 13th century, in phrases giving the day as so many days andados “gone by” in the month: do mes de dezembro in 1261, era en deszenbro in 1262, dez dias andados de dezenbre in 1273 and xvj dias andados de deçenbro in 1282.[3] Another glossary of the DDGM dates the first of these texts to 1258–61 and quotes VIII dias andados de mes de Dezembro “eight days gone by in the month of December”.[3]

Semantic evolution

In Latin the word was an adjective going with mensis and named the tenth month of the Roman year; after Julius Caesar's revision of the calendar it was the twelfth and last.[8] The Portuguese word has always named the last month of the year, of 31 days.[2][10] Bluteau (1712–1728) records the old debate on why the last month bears the name “tenth”: some held that the early Romans counted only ten months, others that January and February were once the last two.[11] Vieira (1871–1874) adds that it is the first month of winter.[12]

The word went with Portuguese to Africa and Asia: Kabuverdianu dizenbru and Tetum dezembru come from it.[1]

Timeline

  • 1261 – do mes de dezembro in a charter.[3]
  • 1262 – deszenbro, the first form Houaiss records.[2][3]
  • 1266 – decembro; 1275 dezenbre; 1282 deçenbro.[2]
  • 1352 – desembro.[2]
  • 1513 – dezembro in the Livro dos Mártires.[13]
  • 1538 – dezẽbro in a private letter.[14]
  • 1569 – Cardoso's dictionary renders Dezembro by Latin December.[15]
  • 1712–1728 – Bluteau discusses why the twelfth month is called “tenth”.[11]
  • 1789 – Morais defines it as the last month of the year, of 31 days.[10]

Meanings

Noun

  1. December, the twelfth and last month of the year in the Julian and Gregorian calendars, with 31 days: Mudámos de casa em dezembro passado.[2][16][1]

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org
  2. ^ a b c d e f g Houaiss, Antônio; Villar, Mauro de Salles (2001), Dicionário Houaiss da língua portuguesa, Rio de Janeiro: Objetiva, p. s.v. dezembro
  3. ^ a b c d e Instituto da Lingua Galega, Dicionario de dicionarios do galego medieval (DDGM), ed. Ernesto González Seoane, Santiago de Compostela: Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, https://ilg.usc.gal/ddgm, p. s.v. dezembro
  4. ^ a b Cunha, Antônio Geraldo da (2010), Dicionário etimológico da língua portuguesa, 4th ed., Rio de Janeiro: Lexikon, p. s.v. dezembro
  5. ^ Figueiredo, Cândido de (1899), Novo diccionário da língua portuguesa, 1st ed., 2 vols., Lisboa: Tavares Cardoso & Irmão, p. s.v. dezembro
  6. ^ Nascentes, Antenor (1952), Dicionário etimológico da língua portuguesa, vol. 2: Nomes próprios, Rio de Janeiro, p. s.v. dezembro
  7. ^ a b Real Academia Española; Asociación de Academias de la Lengua Española (2014–), Diccionario de la lengua española, 23rd ed., online version 23.8, https://dle.rae.es, p. s.v. diciembre
  8. ^ a b Glare, P. G. W., ed. (2012), Oxford Latin Dictionary, 2nd ed., Oxford: Oxford University Press, p. s.v. december
  9. ^ de Vaan, Michiel (2008), Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages, Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series 7, Leiden; Boston: Brill, p. s.v. decem
  10. ^ a b Silva, António de Morais (1789), Diccionario da lingua portugueza composto pelo padre D. Rafael Bluteau, reformado, e accrescentado, 2 vols., Lisboa: Simão Thaddeo Ferreira, p. 1, 434
  11. ^ a b Bluteau, Raphael (1712–1728), Vocabulario portuguez e latino, 8 vols. + 2 supplement vols., Coimbra / Lisboa (CLP transcription, Universidade de Aveiro), p. s.v. dezembro
  12. ^ Vieira, Frei Domingos (1871–1874), Grande Diccionario Portuguez ou Thesouro da lingua portugueza, 5 vols., Porto: Ernesto Chardron e Bartholomeu H. de Moraes, p. 2, 1002
  13. ^ Centro de Linguística da Universidade de Lisboa, CTA – Corpus de Textos Antigos, https://teitok.clul.ul.pt/cta, p. s.v. dezembro
  14. ^ CLUL (ed.) (2014), P.S. Post Scriptum: Arquivo Digital de Escrita Quotidiana em Portugal e Espanha na Época Moderna, Lisboa: Centro de Linguística da Universidade de Lisboa, http://ps.clul.ul.pt, p. s.v. dezembro
  15. ^ Cardoso, Jerónimo (1569–1570), Dictionarium ex lusitanico in latinum sermonem, Lisboa: João Álvares (CLP transcription, Universidade de Aveiro), p. s.v. dezembro
  16. ^ Ferreira, Aurélio Buarque de Holanda, Novo dicionário Aurélio da língua portuguesa, digital edition, p. s.v. dezembro

Related etymologies

Cite this entry

“Dezembro.” Etymologically, 15 Nov. 2026, etymologically.com/pt/dezembro. Accessed 16 Nov. 2026.

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