Etymology and origin of the Portuguese word difícil
- Confidence
- Established
- Formation
- Borrowing
- First attested
- 1400s More words from the 15th century
- Borrowed from
- Latin difficilis
- Ultimate origin
- Latin faciō
Etymology tree
Pronunciation
Forms
difícil m or f (plural difíceis)[1] Houaiss records dificil, deficil and deffiçill in the 15th century.[2] From the 17th to the early 20th century the dictionaries spell the word difficil, with the Latin double f.[3][4][5]
Etymology
It is borrowed from Latin difficilis (“hard to do, troublesome”), a learned word of the 15th century.[2][6][1] Nascentes calls it semi-learned.[7]
The Latin adjective is formed from the prefix dis- and facilis (“easy”), as its opposite.[8][9] The base word is itself formed from faciō (“to do, make”) and the suffix -ilis.[10][1]
The same Latin word was borrowed as Spanish difícil, Catalan difícil, French difficile and Italian difficile.[1][11] French had it by 1330.[9]
Earliest recorded meaning
Houaiss dates the word to the 15th century, from Cunha's index of medieval Portuguese, while Cunha's dictionary dates it to the 16th.[2][6] A private letter of 1571 writes deficil.[12] The first sense is “not easy, needing effort”.[2][6]
Semantic evolution
Bluteau defines difficil by a scholastic distinction: the easy thing comes about readily, the impossible never, and the difficult only with some hindrance.[3] Morais in 1813 adds the sense of a person hard to please (homem difficil de contentar).[4] Vieira lists a difficult question, text or piece of work, so that the word covered what is laborious, intricate and obscure.[13]
Modern dictionaries add a person who is hard to deal with or to win over, a hard and painful life, and the sense “unlikely”, as in é difícil que ele venha.[2][14][15] As a noun, o difícil is “the hard part”, and the colloquial adverb in falar difícil means “to speak in a high-flown way”.[15][16]
Timeline
- 15th century – first records, spelt dificil, deficil and deffiçill.[2]
- c. 1539 – deficultar, a derived verb, in a text Cunha cites.[6]
- 1571 – a private letter writes deficil.[12]
- 1712–1728 – Bluteau defines difficil against facil and impossivel.[3]
- 1755 – Folqman's dictionary heads the word DIFFICIL.[17]
- 1813 – Morais records homem difficil de contentar.[4]
- 1899 – Figueiredo spells the word diffícil and derives it from Latin dis and facilis.[18]
Meanings
Adjective
- difficult, hard: needing much effort or work; arduous (árduo): Foi uma subida difícil.[2][14][16]
- Hard to understand; intricate, obscure: um poema difícil.[2][14]
- Full of obstacles or risk; hard to pass: uma estrada difícil.[2][19]
- Painful, hard to bear: tempos difíceis.[2][14][16]
- Delicate, awkward: uma conversa difícil.[14][15]
- (of a person) Hard to please, to deal with or to win over; demanding (exigente).[2][14][19]
- unlikely: É difícil chover hoje.[19][15][1]
Noun
Word family
- dificilmente
Related words
- dificuldade
- dificultar
- dificultoso
- fácil
- Latin difficilis
- Spanish difícil
References
- ^ a b c d e f g h Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Houaiss, Antônio; Villar, Mauro de Salles (2001), Dicionário Houaiss da língua portuguesa, Rio de Janeiro: Objetiva, p. s.v. difícil
- ^ a b c Bluteau, Raphael (1712–1728), Vocabulario portuguez e latino, 8 vols. + 2 supplement vols., Coimbra / Lisboa (CLP transcription, Universidade de Aveiro), p. s.v. difficil
- ^ a b c Silva, António de Morais (1813), Diccionario da lingua portugueza, 2nd ed., 2 vols., Lisboa: Typographia Lacerdina, p. 1, 616
- ^ Silva Bastos, José Timóteo da (1912), Diccionario etymologico, prosodico e orthographico da lingua portugueza, Lisboa: Parceria António Maria Pereira, p. s.v. difficil
- ^ a b c d Cunha, Antônio Geraldo da (2010), Dicionário etimológico da língua portuguesa, 4th ed., Rio de Janeiro: Lexikon, p. s.v. difícil
- ^ Nascentes, Antenor (1966), Dicionário etimológico resumido, Rio de Janeiro: Instituto Nacional do Livro, p. s.v. difícil
- ^ Glare, P. G. W., ed. (2012), Oxford Latin Dictionary, 2nd ed., Oxford: Oxford University Press
- ^ a b Rey, Alain, ed. (1992), Dictionnaire historique de la langue française, Paris: Le Robert, p. s.v. difficile
- ^ Glare, P. G. W., ed. (2012), Oxford Latin Dictionary, 2nd ed., Oxford: Oxford University Press, p. s.v. facilis
- ^ Real Academia Española; Asociación de Academias de la Lengua Española (2014–), Diccionario de la lengua española, 23rd ed., online version 23.8, https://dle.rae.es, p. s.v. difícil
- ^ a b CLUL (ed.) (2014), P.S. Post Scriptum: Arquivo Digital de Escrita Quotidiana em Portugal e Espanha na Época Moderna, Lisboa: Centro de Linguística da Universidade de Lisboa, http://ps.clul.ul.pt, p. s.v. difícil
- ^ Vieira, Frei Domingos (1871–1874), Grande Diccionario Portuguez ou Thesouro da lingua portugueza, 5 vols., Porto: Ernesto Chardron e Bartholomeu H. de Moraes, p. 2, 1024
- ^ a b c d e f Ferreira, Aurélio Buarque de Holanda, Novo dicionário Aurélio da língua portuguesa, digital edition, p. s.v. difícil
- ^ a b c d e Aulete, Francisco Júlio Caldas, Dicionário contemporâneo da língua portuguesa (1st ed. 1881), online as Aulete Digital, Rio de Janeiro: Lexikon, https://aulete.com.br, p. s.v. difícil
- ^ a b c d Academia das Ciências de Lisboa, Dicionário da Língua Portuguesa, revised online edition (2023–) of the Dicionário da Língua Portuguesa Contemporânea (2001), https://dicionario.acad-ciencias.pt, p. s.v. difícil
- ^ Folqman, Carlos (1755), Diccionario portuguez, e latino, Lisboa: Régia Officina Silviana (CLP transcription, Universidade de Aveiro), p. s.v. difficil
- ^ Figueiredo, Cândido de (1899), Novo diccionário da língua portuguesa, 1st ed., 2 vols., Lisboa: Tavares Cardoso & Irmão, p. 446
- ^ a b c Michaelis: Moderno Dicionário da Língua Portuguesa, São Paulo: Melhoramentos (online as Michaelis Dicionário Brasileiro da Língua Portuguesa, https://michaelis.uol.com.br), p. s.v. difícil
Related etymologies
Cite this entry
“Difícil.” Etymologically, 15 Nov. 2026, etymologically.com/pt/dif%C3%ADcil. Accessed 16 Nov. 2026.
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