aquecer

Forms

aquecer (first-person singular present aqueço, first-person singular preterite aqueci, past participle aquecido)^[1] Old Portuguese wrote acaecer, aqueecer and aquesser in the 14th century and aqueeçer in the 15th.^[2][3][4] Houaiss also records quecer in 1789.^[2]

Etymology

Houaiss takes it as inherited from Vulgar Latin *adcalēscō, from calēscō (“to begin to grow warm”), the inchoative of caleō (“to be hot”).^[2] Cunha, Machado and the DLP derive it straight from the Latin inchoative, the DLP through the old form Old Galician-Portuguese acaecer.^[3][4][5] Nascentes, Aurélio and Wiktionary see the prefix a- added to the Latin verb, Nascentes through that old form and a reconstructed *aqueecer.^[6][7][1] Meyer-Lübke, cited by Nascentes, thought of an exchange of prefix in Vulgar Latin *excalēscō.^[8] The REW lists the Portuguese verb among the outcomes of the Latin inchoative.^[9]

The same verb without the prefix is Spanish calecer and Asturian calecer; Galician quecer has lost the first syllable.^[9][10][1]

The verb for “to be hot” goes back to a stative Proto-Indo-European *ḱlh₁-eh₁- (“to be hot”), with cognates such as Latvian silts (“warm”).^[11][1]

Earliest recorded meaning

Machado quotes the 14th-century form in a lake that começou a acaecer e a ferver “began to grow hot and boil”.^[4] R. Lorenzo's chronology cites Pero Menino, where the feet aquecem “grow warm”.^[12] In the 15th century the chronicle that Machado cites as Ceuta writes E o soll começaua ja aqueeçer “and the sun was already beginning to grow hot”.^[4]

Semantic evolution

The first dictionaries render the verb with Latin caleo and tepeo “to be warm”, and Bluteau defines it as “to become hot”.^[13][14][15] Morais has both the transitive “to make hot” and the intransitive “to take on heat”.^[16]

The figurative senses came from these: to comfort, to excite or enliven (also with drink), and to anger.^[2][17] Caldas Aulete records the painters' “to paint in warm, lively colours”.^[17] In sport the verb means “to warm up” before exercise, and drivers warm up an engine.^[2][18]

Timeline

• 14th century – first records, as acaecer, aqueecer and aquesser.^[2][3][4]
• 15th century – aqueeçer in the chronicle cited as Ceuta.^[4][12]
• 1569 – Cardoso glosses Aquecer with Latin caleo.^[13]
• 1570 – aqueçeo in a private letter.^[19]
• 1697 – Pereira glosses it with tepeo.^[14]
• 1712–1728 – Bluteau notes that the sense “to happen” is obsolete.^[15]
• 1789 – Morais gives the transitive and intransitive senses.^[16] Houaiss records quecer in the same year.^[2]
• 1836 – first record of aquecimento.^[3]

Meanings

Verb

1. To heat, to make or become warm or hot: A sopa está a aquecer no fogão.^[2][7][1]
2. (figurative) To give or receive warmth and comfort; to cheer.^[2][7]
3. (figurative) To excite, enliven, fire with enthusiasm.^[2][20] (Reflexive) to grow merry with drink.^[2][20][1]
4. To irritate, to anger.^[2] (Reflexive) to lose one's temper.^[2][20]
5. (sports) To warm up, to prepare the body, especially the muscles, for exertion.^[2][18][1]
6. To run an engine for a while so that it reaches its working temperature.^[18]
7. (painting) To paint in warm, lively colours.^[2][17]

Word family

• aquecedor
• aquecimento
• aquecido
• superaquecer
• superaquecimento

Related words

• quente
• calor
• aquentar
• Latin calēscō
• Spanish calecer

Usage notes

The phrase nem aquece nem arrefece “neither heats nor cools” means that something makes no difference.^[18]

The old language had a separate verb acaecer, also written aqueecer and aquecer, “to happen, befall”, from Latin *accadescere, related to accidere; it is common in the cantigas and the chronicles.^[21][8] Viterbo dates this aquecer “to happen” to the 14th century, and Bluteau and Vieira mark it as obsolete.^[22][15][23]

References

1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org
2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Houaiss, Antônio; Villar, Mauro de Salles (2001), Dicionário Houaiss da língua portuguesa, Rio de Janeiro: Objetiva, p. s.v. aquecer
3. ^ a b c d Cunha, Antônio Geraldo da (2010), Dicionário etimológico da língua portuguesa, 4th ed., Rio de Janeiro: Lexikon, p. s.v. aquecer
4. ^ a b c d e f Machado, José Pedro (1987), Dicionário etimológico da língua portuguesa, 4th ed., 5 vols., Lisboa: Livros Horizonte, p. s.v. aquecer
5. ^ Academia das Ciências de Lisboa, Dicionário da Língua Portuguesa, revised online edition (2023–) of the Dicionário da Língua Portuguesa Contemporânea (2001), https://dicionario.acad-ciencias.pt, p. s.v. aquecer
6. ^ Nascentes, Antenor (1966), Dicionário etimológico resumido, Rio de Janeiro: Instituto Nacional do Livro, p. s.v. aquecer
7. ^ a b c Ferreira, Aurélio Buarque de Holanda, Novo dicionário Aurélio da língua portuguesa, digital edition, p. s.v. aquecer
8. ^ a b Nascentes, Antenor (1955), Dicionário etimológico da língua portuguesa, vol. 1: Nomes comuns, Rio de Janeiro (1st ed. 1932, preface by W. Meyer-Lübke), p. 40
9. ^ a b Meyer-Lübke, Wilhelm (1935), Romanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch, 3rd ed., Heidelberg: Winter
10. ^ García de Diego, Vicente (1985), Diccionario etimológico español e hispánico, 2nd ed., Madrid: Espasa-Calpe (1st ed. 1954), p. s.v. calescere
11. ^ de Vaan, Michiel (2008), Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages, Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series 7, Leiden; Boston: Brill
12. ^ a b Instituto da Lingua Galega, Dicionario de dicionarios do galego medieval (DDGM), ed. Ernesto González Seoane, Santiago de Compostela: Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, https://ilg.usc.gal/ddgm, p. s.v. aquecer
13. ^ a b Cardoso, Jerónimo (1569–1570), Dictionarium ex lusitanico in latinum sermonem, Lisboa: João Álvares (CLP transcription, Universidade de Aveiro), p. s.v. aquecer
14. ^ a b Pereira, Bento (1697), Thesouro da lingoa portuguesa, in the 1697 edition of his Prosodia (1st ed. 1647; CLP transcription, Universidade de Aveiro), p. s.v. aquecer
15. ^ a b c Bluteau, Raphael (1712–1728), Vocabulario portuguez e latino, 8 vols. + 2 supplement vols., Coimbra / Lisboa (CLP transcription, Universidade de Aveiro), p. s.v. aquecer
16. ^ a b Silva, António de Morais (1789), Diccionario da lingua portugueza composto pelo padre D. Rafael Bluteau, reformado, e accrescentado, 2 vols., Lisboa: Simão Thaddeo Ferreira, p. 1, 104
17. ^ a b c Aulete, Francisco Júlio Caldas, Dicionário contemporâneo da língua portuguesa (1st ed. 1881), online as Aulete Digital, Rio de Janeiro: Lexikon, https://aulete.com.br, p. s.v. aquecer
18. ^ a b c d Porto Editora (2013), Grande Dicionário da Língua Portuguesa, Porto: Porto Editora, p. 843
19. ^ CLUL (ed.) (2014), P.S. Post Scriptum: Arquivo Digital de Escrita Quotidiana em Portugal e Espanha na Época Moderna, Lisboa: Centro de Linguística da Universidade de Lisboa, http://ps.clul.ul.pt, p. s.v. aquecer
20. ^ a b c Dicionário Priberam da Língua Portuguesa, Lisboa: Priberam Informática, https://dicionario.priberam.org, p. s.v. aquecer
21. ^ Instituto da Lingua Galega, Dicionario de dicionarios do galego medieval (DDGM), ed. Ernesto González Seoane, Santiago de Compostela: Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, https://ilg.usc.gal/ddgm, p. s.v. acaecer
22. ^ Viterbo, Joaquim de Santa Rosa de (1798–1799), Elucidario das palavras, termos e frases que em Portugal antiguamente se usárão, 2 vols., Lisboa: Simão Thaddeo Ferreira, p. 1, 131
23. ^ Vieira, Frei Domingos (1871–1874), Grande Diccionario Portuguez ou Thesouro da lingua portugueza, 5 vols., Porto: Ernesto Chardron e Bartholomeu H. de Moraes, p. 1, 516