apresentar

Forms

apresentar (first-person singular present apresento, first-person singular preterite apresentei, past participle apresentado)^[1] Old Galician-Portuguese had both apresentar and presentar in the 13th century, and apressentar in the 14th.^[2] Bluteau (1712) and Folqman (1755) still head the word apresentar, ou presentar.^[3][4]

Etymology

It is formed from Portuguese a- + presente + -ar, as Houaiss, Machado and Vieira explain it.^[2][5][6] Aurélio derives it instead from the verb presentar with a prefixed ⟨a-⟩,^[7] and the DLP and Michaelis trace it to Late Latin appraesentō, built on praesentō (“to show, present”).^[8][9] In Wiktionary's view the old forms Old Galician-Portuguese apresentar and Old Galician-Portuguese presentar continue the classical verb itself.^[1] The Latin verb is formed from praesēns (“present”).^[10]

The verb without the prefix is Galician presentar and Spanish presentar, and the Latin verb was borrowed early as French présenter.^[11][12][1]

Earliest recorded meaning

Lorenzo's earliest records are charters of 1258–1261, where the verb always appears as a participle in the passive: esta carta foy apresentada a Don Roy Garcia "this letter was presented to Don Roy Garcia", foron apresentados omes de Frariz "men of Frariz were brought forward".^[13] In the Cantigas de Santa Maria (cantiga 312) a man takes a woman a ũu bon mõesteiro "to a good monastery" and offers her there (apresentou-a).^[13]

Semantic evolution

The medieval language also had a verb apresentar "to give as a present", formed on presentar "to make a gift", which later merged with the verb "to present": the chronicle of 1344 tells of poison en hũa maçãa muy fremosa que lhe apresentou "in a very beautiful apple that she gave him".^[13] Bluteau (1712) lists the legal sense of submitting papers in court and the ecclesiastical one of nominating someone in writing to a benefice,^[3] Folqman (1755) has apresentar batalha "to offer battle" and apresentar testemunhas "to produce witnesses",^[4] and Morais (1789) the social sense of introducing one person to another.^[14] Vieira (1871) adds the commercial presentation of a bill of exchange.^[6]

Today the verb also means to stage or show a film or a show, to host a programme, and reflexively to perform before an audience.^[2][1]

Timeline

• 1258–1261 – apresentada and apresentados in charters.^[13]
• 13th century, second half – apresentou-a in the Cantigas de Santa Maria.^[13][15]
• 1339 – Machado's earliest record, apresentassem.^[5]
• 1344 – apresentou “gave as a present” in the chronicle of 1344.^[13]
• 14th century – the spelling apressentar.^[2]
• 1556 – apresemte in a private letter.^[16]
• 1569 – Cardoso glosses it with Latin offero and exhibeo.^[17]
• 1712 – Bluteau gives the legal and ecclesiastical senses.^[3]
• 1789 – Morais records the introduction of one person to another.^[14]

Meanings

Verb

1. To introduce (people) to one another: Apresentei a minha irmã aos colegas.^[2][18][1]
2. To put before someone, show;^[2][19][1] (reflexive) to appear, report (to an authority): Apresentou-se no quartel às oito.^[2][19][1]
3. (reflexive) To perform in public, in a show or concert.^[2][1]
4. To display, show (a sign or feature); to have (a characteristic).^[2][7][1]
5. To exhibit (works, goods) publicly, for promotion or sale.^[2]
6. To hand over, deliver: apresentar credenciais.^[2][7]
7. To submit (something) for examination or approval: apresentar uma tese.^[2][18]
8. To set out, explain (a problem or view); to adduce (reasons, objections).^[2][7]
9. To express (thanks, condolences, greetings).^[2]
10. To show (a film, a show); to host (a programme).^[2][1]
11. To propose (someone) for an office or ecclesiastical benefice.^[18][3]
12. (military) To hold (a weapon) upright before the chest: apresentar armas.^[8]

Word family

• apresentação
• apresentador
• apresentável

Related words

• presente
• presentar
• representar
• Latin praesentō

References

1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org
2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Houaiss, Antônio; Villar, Mauro de Salles (2001), Dicionário Houaiss da língua portuguesa, Rio de Janeiro: Objetiva, p. s.v. apresentar
3. ^ a b c d Bluteau, Raphael (1712–1728), Vocabulario portuguez e latino, 8 vols. + 2 supplement vols., Coimbra / Lisboa (CLP transcription, Universidade de Aveiro), p. s.v. apresentar
4. ^ a b Folqman, Carlos (1755), Diccionario portuguez, e latino, Lisboa: Régia Officina Silviana (CLP transcription, Universidade de Aveiro), p. s.v. apresentar
5. ^ a b Machado, José Pedro (1987), Dicionário etimológico da língua portuguesa, 4th ed., 5 vols., Lisboa: Livros Horizonte, p. s.v. apresentar
6. ^ a b Vieira, Frei Domingos (1871–1874), Grande Diccionario Portuguez ou Thesouro da lingua portugueza, 5 vols., Porto: Ernesto Chardron e Bartholomeu H. de Moraes, p. 1, 508
7. ^ a b c d Ferreira, Aurélio Buarque de Holanda, Novo dicionário Aurélio da língua portuguesa, digital edition, p. s.v. apresentar
8. ^ a b Academia das Ciências de Lisboa, Dicionário da Língua Portuguesa, revised online edition (2023–) of the Dicionário da Língua Portuguesa Contemporânea (2001), https://dicionario.acad-ciencias.pt, p. s.v. apresentar
9. ^ Michaelis: Moderno Dicionário da Língua Portuguesa, São Paulo: Melhoramentos (online as Michaelis Dicionário Brasileiro da Língua Portuguesa, https://michaelis.uol.com.br), p. s.v. apresentar
10. ^ Glare, P. G. W., ed. (2012), Oxford Latin Dictionary, 2nd ed., Oxford: Oxford University Press, p. s.v. praesentō
11. ^ Real Academia Española; Asociación de Academias de la Lengua Española (2014–), Diccionario de la lengua española, 23rd ed., online version 23.8, https://dle.rae.es, p. s.v. presentar
12. ^ Rey, Alain, ed. (1992), Dictionnaire historique de la langue française, Paris: Le Robert, p. s.v. présenter
13. ^ a b c d e f Instituto da Lingua Galega, Dicionario de dicionarios do galego medieval (DDGM), ed. Ernesto González Seoane, Santiago de Compostela: Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, https://ilg.usc.gal/ddgm, p. s.v. apresentar
14. ^ a b Silva, António de Morais (1789), Diccionario da lingua portugueza composto pelo padre D. Rafael Bluteau, reformado, e accrescentado, 2 vols., Lisboa: Simão Thaddeo Ferreira, p. 1, 102
15. ^ Cunha, Antônio Geraldo da (2010), Dicionário etimológico da língua portuguesa, 4th ed., Rio de Janeiro: Lexikon, p. s.v. apresentar
16. ^ CLUL (ed.) (2014), P.S. Post Scriptum: Arquivo Digital de Escrita Quotidiana em Portugal e Espanha na Época Moderna, Lisboa: Centro de Linguística da Universidade de Lisboa, http://ps.clul.ul.pt, p. s.v. apresentar
17. ^ Cardoso, Jerónimo (1569–1570), Dictionarium ex lusitanico in latinum sermonem, Lisboa: João Álvares (CLP transcription, Universidade de Aveiro), p. s.v. apresentar
18. ^ a b c Porto Editora (2013), Grande Dicionário da Língua Portuguesa, Porto: Porto Editora, p. 826
19. ^ a b Dicionário Priberam da Língua Portuguesa, Lisboa: Priberam Informática, https://dicionario.priberam.org, p. s.v. apresentar