aparelhar

Forms

aparelhar (first-person singular present aparelho, first-person singular preterite aparelhei, past participle aparelhado)^[1]

Etymology

It is inherited from Vulgar Latin *appariculō (“to prepare”), a derivative of Latin apparō (“to prepare, make ready, provide”).^{[2][3][4][5][1]} Houaiss calls the Latin verb Late Latin;^[2][1] Wiktionary also posits the syncopated form *appariclō.^[2][1]

The same verb is Galician aparellar, Spanish aparejar, Catalan aparellar, Old Occitan aparelhar, French appareiller and Italian apparecchiare.^[6][1] The DHLF calls the French verb a very old borrowing, adapted to French, from the Late Latin word.^[7]

The Latin verb is formed ad- + parō (“to prepare”).^[8][1] Wiktionary considers the derivation from it probable but not certain, and mentions as less likely a source in pār (“equal”) through a diminutive, which would link the verb with parelha and parelho.^[1] The DLE derives the Spanish verb from parejo (“equal, even”).^[9]

Earliest recorded meaning

Houaiss's first record is the past participle aparelhado in 1279.^[2] Machado quotes a Latin document of King Dinis's chancery of 1282 with the Romance verb inside it: et aperelhetis eam bene de omnibus que sibi necessi fuit “and that you equip it well with all it needed”.^[3] In a cantiga d'escarnho of Pero Gomez Barroso the verb means “to prepare, hatch” (an intrigue).^[10] The Crónica Troiana uses it for fitting out ships: aparellaron todas suas naues et gorneçeronas moy ben de armas “they made ready all their ships and furnished them well with arms”.^[11]

Semantic evolution

From “to prepare” the verb took on the special senses of the crafts: Bluteau has preparing a meal, preparing oneself for war, and the painter's term “to prime a canvas”.^[12] Folqman (1755) adds fitting out a ship and, as a muleteers' term, putting the pack-saddle on a beast.^[13] Morais (1789) adds the carpenter's “to rough-hew timber”, and his 1813 edition “to adorn” and “to harness”.^[14][15] Vieira (1871) treats aparelhar as a spelling of apparelhar, the one used by Frei Luís de Sousa, Arraes and Pinheiro.^[16]

Modern Portuguese keeps all these senses, with those of the gilder (a coat of glue and gypsum), the stonemason and the sailor (to rig a ship).^[2][17][5] In one Portuguese dialect it means to catch the blood running from a pig at slaughter.^[18]

Timeline

• 1279 – first record, the participle aparelhado.^[2]
• 1282 – aperelhetis in a Latin document of King Dinis's chancery.^[3]
• 13th century – a cantiga d'escarnho of Pero Gomez Barroso.^[10]
• 14th century – the spellings aparelhar, aparalhar and parelhar.^[2]
• c. 1430 – the verb in the Horto do Esposo (copied 1390–1437).^[19]
• 1569 – Cardoso renders it with Latin molior and paro.^[20]
• 1712–1728 – Bluteau records the painter's term.^[12]
• 1755 – Folqman records the senses for ships and pack animals.^[13]
• 1789 – Morais records the carpenter's sense.^[14]

Meanings

Verb

1. To provide what is needed for a purpose; to make ready, equip;^[2][21][1] (pronominal) to get ready: aparelhar uma escola.^[2][21][1]
2. (figurative) To prepare (someone or oneself) in mind for something.^[2]
3. To adorn, dress up.^[2][21]
4. (painting, gilding) To give the first coat of oil, paint, glue or gypsum to (a surface to be painted, gilded or varnished); to prime.^[2][5]
5. (carpentry, building) To dress or rough-hew (stone or timber) to size.^[2][21]
6. To harness (a horse or mule); to hitch animals to (a cart).^[2][21][1]
7. (nautical) To rig (a sailing ship); to fit out a vessel with its gear.^[2][22]

Word family

• aparelho
• aparelhagem
• aparelhamento
• desaparelhar

Related words

• parelha
• Latin apparō
• Galician aparellar
• Spanish aparejar

Usage notes

Houaiss has a separate intransitive aparelhar “to draw level, become equal”, formed from parelha with the prefix a- and the suffix -ar.^[2] The DLP lists “to place oneself side by side or on equal terms” among the senses of the main verb.^[5] The two readings meet in a cantiga d'escarnho: the DDGM takes do que xe vosc' aparelha as “prepares, plots”, while Universo Cantigas reads it as “places itself beside”.^[10][23]

References

1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org
2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p Houaiss, Antônio; Villar, Mauro de Salles (2001), Dicionário Houaiss da língua portuguesa, Rio de Janeiro: Objetiva, p. s.v. aparelhar
3. ^ a b c Machado, José Pedro (1987), Dicionário etimológico da língua portuguesa, 4th ed., 5 vols., Lisboa: Livros Horizonte, p. s.v. aparelhar
4. ^ Nascentes, Antenor (1966), Dicionário etimológico resumido, Rio de Janeiro: Instituto Nacional do Livro, p. s.v. aparelhar
5. ^ a b c d Academia das Ciências de Lisboa, Dicionário da Língua Portuguesa, revised online edition (2023–) of the Dicionário da Língua Portuguesa Contemporânea (2001), https://dicionario.acad-ciencias.pt, p. s.v. aparelhar
6. ^ Meyer-Lübke, Wilhelm (1935), Romanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch, 3rd ed., Heidelberg: Winter, p. 537
7. ^ Rey, Alain, ed. (1992), Dictionnaire historique de la langue française, Paris: Le Robert, p. s.v. appareiller
8. ^ Glare, P. G. W., ed. (2012), Oxford Latin Dictionary, 2nd ed., Oxford: Oxford University Press, p. s.v. apparō
9. ^ Real Academia Española; Asociación de Academias de la Lengua Española (2014–), Diccionario de la lengua española, 23rd ed., online version 23.8, https://dle.rae.es, p. s.v. aparejar
10. ^ a b c Instituto da Lingua Galega, Dicionario de dicionarios do galego medieval (DDGM), ed. Ernesto González Seoane, Santiago de Compostela: Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, https://ilg.usc.gal/ddgm, p. s.v. aparelhar
11. ^ Instituto da Lingua Galega, Dicionario de dicionarios do galego medieval (DDGM), ed. Ernesto González Seoane, Santiago de Compostela: Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, https://ilg.usc.gal/ddgm, p. s.v. aparellar
12. ^ a b Bluteau, Raphael (1712–1728), Vocabulario portuguez e latino, 8 vols. + 2 supplement vols., Coimbra / Lisboa (CLP transcription, Universidade de Aveiro), p. s.v. aparelhar
13. ^ a b Folqman, Carlos (1755), Diccionario portuguez, e latino, Lisboa: Régia Officina Silviana (CLP transcription, Universidade de Aveiro), p. s.v. aparelhar
14. ^ a b Silva, António de Morais (1789), Diccionario da lingua portugueza composto pelo padre D. Rafael Bluteau, reformado, e accrescentado, 2 vols., Lisboa: Simão Thaddeo Ferreira, p. 1, 92
15. ^ Silva, António de Morais (1813), Diccionario da lingua portugueza, 2nd ed., 2 vols., Lisboa: Typographia Lacerdina, p. 1, 148
16. ^ Vieira, Frei Domingos (1871–1874), Grande Diccionario Portuguez ou Thesouro da lingua portugueza, 5 vols., Porto: Ernesto Chardron e Bartholomeu H. de Moraes, p. 1, 467
17. ^ Aulete, Francisco Júlio Caldas, Dicionário contemporâneo da língua portuguesa (1st ed. 1881), online as Aulete Digital, Rio de Janeiro: Lexikon, https://aulete.com.br, p. s.v. aparelhar
18. ^ Instituto da Lingua Galega, Tesouro do léxico patrimonial galego e portugués (TLPGP), Santiago de Compostela: Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, https://ilg.usc.gal/tesouro, p. s.v. aparelhar
19. ^ Centro de Linguística da Universidade de Lisboa, CTA – Corpus de Textos Antigos, https://teitok.clul.ul.pt/cta, p. s.v. aparelhar
20. ^ Cardoso, Jerónimo (1569–1570), Dictionarium ex lusitanico in latinum sermonem, Lisboa: João Álvares (CLP transcription, Universidade de Aveiro), p. s.v. aparelhar
21. ^ a b c d e Ferreira, Aurélio Buarque de Holanda, Novo dicionário Aurélio da língua portuguesa, digital edition, p. s.v. aparelhar
22. ^ Dicionário Priberam da Língua Portuguesa, Lisboa: Priberam Informática, https://dicionario.priberam.org, p. s.v. aparelhar
23. ^ Universo Cantigas: Glosario da poesía medieval profana galego-portuguesa, A Coruña: Instituto da Lingua e Literatura (ILLA), Universidade da Coruña, https://www.universocantigas.gal, p. s.v. aparelhar