ódio

Forms

ódio m (plural ódios)^[1] Medieval texts write odio and odyo and, in the 15th century, hodio and odeo.^[2] A letter of 1570 still spells it odyo.^[3]

Etymology

It is a learned word, borrowed from Latin odium (“hatred, aversion”).^[2][1][4] The Spanish word odio is learned too, while the inherited outcome survives as Old Catalan oi (“hatred”).^[5][6]

The Latin noun is related to the perfect ōdī (“I hate”).^[7] De Vaan reconstructs Proto-Indo-European *h₃e/od-io- (“hatred”), with a cognate in Ancient Greek ὀδύσσασθαι (odússasthai, “to be angry”).^[8] Wiktionary adds that the /d/ was restored under the influence of the verb.^[1]

Earliest recorded meaning

Houaiss dates the word to the 14th century from Cunha's medieval slips, spelt odio and odyo, in the sense of intense aversion.^[2]

Semantic evolution

Morais (1789) defines it as enmity with the wish that harm come to the person hated, and Vieira (1871–1874) quotes old ordinances on the great hatreds that scandals bred among Christians.^[9][10] Houaiss adds a metonymic sense, the person or thing hated.^[2] Set phrases such as ódio de morte and ódio figadal express mortal hatred.^[11]

Timeline

• 14th century – first records, spelt odio and odyo.^[2]
• 15th century – the spellings hodio and odeo.^[2]
• 1570 – odyo in a private letter.^[3]
• 1789 – Morais defines ódio as enmity with the wish for harm.^[9]

Meanings

Noun

1. Intense hatred, usually born of fear, anger or an injury suffered; rancor.^[2][12][1]
2. Strong aversion to a person, attitude or thing: ódio à mentira.^[12][13]
3. The person or thing that is hated.^[2]

Related words

• odiar
• odioso
• Latin odium
• Spanish odio

Usage notes

Its antonym is amor.^[11]

References

1. ^ a b c d e f g Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org
2. ^ a b c d e f g h Houaiss, Antônio; Villar, Mauro de Salles (2001), Dicionário Houaiss da língua portuguesa, Rio de Janeiro: Objetiva, p. s.v. ódio
3. ^ a b CLUL (ed.) (2014), P.S. Post Scriptum: Arquivo Digital de Escrita Quotidiana em Portugal e Espanha na Época Moderna, Lisboa: Centro de Linguística da Universidade de Lisboa, http://ps.clul.ul.pt, p. s.v. ódio
4. ^ Nascentes, Antenor (1966), Dicionário etimológico resumido, Rio de Janeiro: Instituto Nacional do Livro, p. s.v. ódio
5. ^ García de Diego, Vicente (1985), Diccionario etimológico español e hispánico, 2nd ed., Madrid: Espasa-Calpe (1st ed. 1954), p. s.v. odium
6. ^ Meyer-Lübke, Wilhelm (1935), Romanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch, 3rd ed., Heidelberg: Winter, p. 6038a
7. ^ Glare, P. G. W., ed. (2012), Oxford Latin Dictionary, 2nd ed., Oxford: Oxford University Press, p. s.v. odium
8. ^ de Vaan, Michiel (2008), Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages, Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series 7, Leiden; Boston: Brill
9. ^ a b Silva, António de Morais (1789), Diccionario da lingua portugueza composto pelo padre D. Rafael Bluteau, reformado, e accrescentado, 2 vols., Lisboa: Simão Thaddeo Ferreira, p. 2, 128
10. ^ Vieira, Frei Domingos (1871–1874), Grande Diccionario Portuguez ou Thesouro da lingua portugueza, 5 vols., Porto: Ernesto Chardron e Bartholomeu H. de Moraes, p. 4, 526
11. ^ a b Michaelis: Moderno Dicionário da Língua Portuguesa, São Paulo: Melhoramentos (online as Michaelis Dicionário Brasileiro da Língua Portuguesa, https://michaelis.uol.com.br), p. s.v. ódio
12. ^ a b Ferreira, Aurélio Buarque de Holanda, Novo dicionário Aurélio da língua portuguesa, digital edition, p. s.v. ódio
13. ^ Porto Editora (2013), Grande Dicionário da Língua Portuguesa, Porto: Porto Editora, p. 6635