odio

Forms

odio m (plural odios)^[1]

Etymology

It is borrowed from Latin odium (“hatred; hateful conduct”), a learned word.^[2][3][1][4] The Latin noun belongs with the defective verb ōdī (“I hate”); de Vaan reconstructs Proto-Italic *odio- (“hatred”) and *h₃ed- (“to hate”), with cognates in Greek ὀδύσσομαι (odússomai, “to be angry”) and Armenian.^[5] Wiktionary adds that the ⟨d⟩ of the Latin noun was restored under the influence of the verb, and names Oscan as a cognate.^[1]

The popular outcome of the Latin word survives in Old Catalan oy and in Catalan oi “nausea, disgust”.^[6][7] García de Diego holds that a popular Castilian ojo (“hatred”) was absorbed by ojo “eye”, and derives ojeriza “grudge” from it.^[8] The learned word is also Catalan odi and Portuguese ódio.^[9]

Earliest recorded meaning

The BDELC dates the first record to 1220–1250.^[2] In Berceo's poem on the Mass the faithful who come for the blessed bread non deve traer odio entre su corazón “must not carry hatred in his heart”, and in his life of Saint Dominic of Silos he warns non yoguiessen en odio, ca es mortal pecado “let them not lie in hatred, for it is a mortal sin”.^[10][11] Some earlier CDH hits are not this word but the past tense odió “he heard”, a spelling of oyó (Odio Jacob, odio dezir a uieios).^[10]

Semantic evolution

The sense has hardly changed: Berceo already used odio for hatred, rancour and ill will.^[11] Nebrija in 1495 gives odio, enemistad with Latin odium and inuidia.^[12] Autoridades defines it simply as aborrecimiento “abhorrence”.^[13] Terreros adds that it can be taken in a good sense, as hatred of sin, and records the theologians' odio de abominación.^[14] The Academy's definition grew from “absolute aversion to a person or thing” to the present “antipathy and aversion toward someone or something whose harm is wished”, first in 1899.^[15][16]

In the Americas the word is recorded from 1518 in Santo Domingo.^[17] In Chile odio came to mean annoyance or bother, and also a tiresome person, and odiar “to pester”.^[18][19]

Timeline

• 1220–1250 – first record, in Berceo.^[2][10]
• c. 1236 – Berceo, Vida de Santo Domingo de Silos: Non yoguiessen en odio.^[10]
• 1438 – the derivative odioso is first recorded.^[2]
• c. 1495 – Nebrija: Odio enemistad. odium inuidia.^[12]
• 1518 – first record in the Americas, in Santo Domingo.^[17]
• 1607 – the verb odiar is first recorded.^[2]
• 1726–1739 – Autoridades defines it as aborrecimiento.^[13]
• 1884 – the Academy's first etymology: “Del lat. odium”.^[20]
• 1899 – the Academy's present definition appears.^[16]

Meanings

Noun

1. hatred, hate: strong antipathy toward someone or something, together with the wish that harm should come to them: Le guardaba un odio antiguo a su vecino.^[3][1]
2. A violent aversion to a thing: su odio a las mentiras.^[21][22]
3. (Chile, colloquial) A nuisance; a tiresome person.^[18][19]

Word family

• odioso
• odiar
• odiosidad

Related words

• ojeriza
• Latin odium

Usage notes

Odio is also the first person singular present of odiar (yo odio); this entry is the noun.^[1] Common phrases are odio mortal and tomar odio a alguien.^[21][17]

References

1. ^ a b c d e f Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org
2. ^ a b c d e Corominas, Joan (1973), Breve diccionario etimológico de la lengua castellana, 3rd ed., Madrid: Gredos, p. s.v. odio
3. ^ a b Real Academia Española; Asociación de Academias de la Lengua Española (2014–), Diccionario de la lengua española, 23rd ed., online version 23.8, https://dle.rae.es, p. s.v. odio
4. ^ Bénaben, Michel (2000), Dictionnaire étymologique de l'espagnol, Paris: Ellipses, p. s.v. odio
5. ^ de Vaan, Michiel (2008), Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages, Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series 7, Leiden; Boston: Brill, p. s.v. ōdī
6. ^ Meyer-Lübke, Wilhelm (1935), Romanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch, 3rd ed., Heidelberg: Winter, p. s.v. odium
7. ^ Alcover, Antoni M.; Moll, Francesc de B. (1930–1962), Diccionari català-valencià-balear, 10 vols., Palma de Mallorca: Moll, p. s.v. oi
8. ^ García de Diego, Vicente (1985), Diccionario etimológico español e hispánico, 2nd ed., Madrid: Espasa-Calpe (1st ed. 1954), p. s.v. odium
9. ^ Wikcionario (Spanish Wiktionary), es.wiktionary.org, p. s.v. odio
10. ^ a b c d Real Academia Española (2013–), Corpus del Diccionario histórico de la lengua española (CDH), version 3.1, https://apps.rae.es/CNDHE, p. s.v. odio
11. ^ a b Lanchetas, Rufino (1900), Gramática y vocabulario de las obras de Gonzalo de Berceo, Madrid: Sucesores de Rivadeneyra, p. 535
12. ^ a b Nebrija, Antonio de (1513), Vocabulario español-latino, Salamanca, ed. Marina Vidal Díez (2007), Biblioteca Virtual Miguel de Cervantes, p. 388
13. ^ a b Real Academia Española (1726–1739), Diccionario de la lengua castellana (Diccionario de Autoridades), 6 vols., Madrid: Francisco del Hierro, p. 5, 18
14. ^ Terreros y Pando, Esteban de (1786–1793), Diccionario castellano con las voces de ciencias y artes y sus correspondientes de las tres lenguas francesa, latina e italiana, 4 vols., Madrid: Viuda de Ibarra, p. 2, 695
15. ^ Real Academia Española (1869), Diccionario de la lengua castellana, 11th ed., Madrid: Imprenta de Don Manuel Rivadeneyra, p. 547
16. ^ a b Real Academia Española (1899), Diccionario de la lengua castellana, 13th ed., Madrid: Imprenta de los Sres. Hernando y Compañía, p. 707
17. ^ a b c Boyd-Bowman, Peter (2003), Léxico hispanoamericano 1493–1993, ed. Ray Harris-Northall and John J. Nitti, New York: Hispanic Seminary of Medieval Studies, p. s.v. odio
18. ^ a b Román, Manuel Antonio (1901–1918), Diccionario de chilenismos y de otras voces y locuciones viciosas, 5 vols., Santiago de Chile: Imprenta de San José, p. 60
19. ^ a b Rodríguez, Zorobabel (1875), Diccionario de chilenismos, Santiago de Chile: Imprenta de El Independiente, p. 30
20. ^ Real Academia Española (1884), Diccionario de la lengua castellana, 12th ed., Madrid: Imprenta de D. Gregorio Hernando (the first Academy edition with etymologies), p. 754
21. ^ a b Moliner, María (2007), Diccionario de uso del español, 3rd ed., Madrid: Gredos, p. s.v. odio
22. ^ Battaner Arias, Paz (dir.) (2017), Diccionario general de la lengua española VOX, Barcelona: Larousse Editorial, p. s.v. odio