Latin words first recorded in the 3rd century BC

It is the rare singular of ternī (“three each”), from Latin ter (“three times”) + -nus (⟨ter⟩ being from trēs (“three”)); compare the older trīnī. De Vaan suggests that ⟨ternī⟩ goes back to…

It is from Latin terra (“earth, land”) + -estris. Wiktionary suggests it may rather go back to a Proto-Italic *terzestris built on a stem also seen in terrēnus (“earthen”), the suffix being…

It is from Latin terreō (“to frighten”) + -itō, a frequentative. De Vaan traces terreō to Proto-Italic *tros-eje- (“to scare”) and Proto-Indo-European *tros-eie- (“to make scared”), comparing…

1. Used as an adjective, the word for “neat, clean” is the past participle from Latin tergeō (“to rub clean, polish”). De Vaan traces the verb back to Proto-Italic *terg- and finds no certain…

It is borrowed from Ancient Greek τέσσαρες (téssares, “four”), Lewis & Short comparing the Ionic form τέσσερες (tésseres), so that the word first meant a square piece. The OLD suggests instead that…

It is formed from Latin testor (“to call to witness, make a will”) + -mentum. De Vaan derives testor from testis (“witness”), which he traces to Proto-Italic *tri-sto- and Proto-Indo-European…

It is from Latin testūdō (“tortoise”) + -eus. De Vaan lists both words among the derivatives of testa (“earthenware vessel, shell”), which he takes to be probably a loanword.

It is from Latin texō (“to weave”) + -tor. De Vaan lists it among the derivatives of texō, which goes back to Proto-Italic *tekse/o- and Proto-Indo-European *teḱ-s- (“to fashion”). Cognate with…

It is from Latin texō (“to weave”) + -tūra. De Vaan traces the verb to Proto-Italic *tekse/o- and Proto-Indo-European *teḱ-s- (“to fashion”), cognate with Sanskrit तक्षति (tákṣati, “to hammer, form…

It is from Latin thēsaurus (“treasure”) + -ārius.

It is from Latin tībia (“pipe”) + -cen (“player”), contracted from an older ⟨tībiicen⟩; the second element is from canō (“to sing, play”). De Vaan reconstructs the compound as Proto-Italic…

It is from Latin tīgnum (“beam, timber”) + -illum, a diminutive. Wiktionary compares sigillum beside sīgnum. De Vaan takes ⟨tīgnum⟩ to go back to Proto-Italic *teg/k-no- (“plank, timber”), probably…

The suffix is probably inherited from Proto-Italic *-tiō, an n-stem extension of Proto-Indo-European *-tis. Sihler likewise analyses it as an agglutination of the ōn-stems and the feminine nouns of…

The OLD calls it onomatopoeic. Wiktionary takes it as a reduplicated form inherited from Proto-Indo-European *(s)tewp-, from *(s)tew- (“to push, hit”), and compares stupeō.

1. The suffix for frequentative verbs is usually taken as formed from Latin -tus + -ō, that is, denominatives in -ō from the past participle. Sihler gives dictō from dictus and versō from the…

It is a derivative from Latin tonō (“to thunder”). The OLD suggests an earlier ⟨*tonitus⟩, a noun in ⟨-tus⟩, influenced by fulgetrum (“lightning”). Wiktionary and Köbler trace the verb to…

It is from Latin tondeō (“to shear, clip”) + -tor, from the supine stem of the verb. De Vaan traces tondeō to Proto-Italic *tond-eje- and Proto-Indo-European *tond-eie- (“to shear”), comparing…

The suffix is inherited from Proto-Italic *-tōr, inherited from Proto-Indo-European *-tōr, from *-tor-s. The long vowel of the nominative spread to the other cases, and final -ōr was then shortened…

It is formed from Latin torqueō (“to twist”) + -mentum, from ⟨*torkʷ-mn̥-to-⟩: a thing twisted, or a device worked by twisting. De Vaan derives torqueō from Proto-Italic *torkʷ-eie- (“to twist”), a…

1. The adjective “twisted” is from Latin torqueō (“to twist, turn”), its perfect passive participle used as an adjective. 2. The noun “twist” is from Latin torqueō (“to twist, turn”) + -tus, an…

It is inherited from Proto-Italic *toti (“so many”), inherited from Proto-Indo-European *to-ti, built on the demonstrative stem *to- (“that”). Cognate with Sanskrit तति (táti, “so many”) and Ancient…

It is from Latin tot (“so many”) with the demonstrative particle of īdem (“the same”) and tantundem. De Vaan traces tot to Proto-Italic *toti (“so many”) and Proto-Indo-European *to-ti. Cognate with…

It is formed from Latin tot (“so many”) + -iēns. De Vaan traces tot to Proto-Italic *toti (“so many”) and Proto-Indo-European *to-ti, cognate with Sanskrit तति (táti, “so many”) and Ancient Greek…

It is borrowed from Ancient Greek τραγῳδός (tragōidós, “tragic singer”), a compound of τράγος (trágos, “he-goat”) and ᾠδή (ōidḗ, “song”).

It is from Latin trahō (“to drag, draw”), from an earlier *tragla in which the /g/ of the root was kept before /l/. De Vaan thinks the long /aː/ may be analogical after coāgulum and repāgula, while…

It is a compound from Latin trāns (“across”) + meō (“to go, pass”), with the root of the verb, from Proto-Italic *trans-mit- (“going across”), like sēmita (“path”) from *sē-mit- (“going aside”). De…

It is from Latin tranquillus (“calm, quiet”) + -ē. De Vaan finds the origin of tranquillus unclear: an old explanation from trāns and a root for “quiet” fits neither the meaning nor the sound…

It is inherited from Proto-Italic *trānts, inherited from Proto-Indo-European *tr̥h₂-n̥ts (“crossing”), the present participle of *terh₂- (“to cross, go through”). De Vaan notes that Umbrian trahaf…

It is from Latin trāns- (“across”) + scandō (“to climb”), with the vowel weakened in the compound. De Vaan traces scandō to Proto-Italic *skand-e/o- (“to ascend”) and an aorist Proto-Indo-European…

It is from Latin trāns- + currō (“to run”). De Vaan traces currō to Proto-Italic *korse/o- (“to run”) and Proto-Indo-European *kr̥s-e/o- (“to run”), comparing Old Irish carr (“vehicle”); he notes…

It is formed from Latin trāns (“across”) + ferō (“to carry”). De Vaan derives ferō from Proto-Italic *fere/o-, from Proto-Indo-European *bʰer-e/o- (“to carry”), while the participle ⟨-lātum⟩ comes…

It is from Latin trāns- (“across, through”) + fīgō (“to fix, pierce”). De Vaan reconstructs the root of fīgō as Proto-Indo-European *dʰeigʷ-e/o- or ⟨*dʰiHgʷ-e/o-⟩, and compares Lithuanian díegti…

It is from Latin trāns- + saliō (“to jump, leap”). De Vaan traces ⟨saliō⟩ to Proto-Italic *sal-je- (“to jump”) and Proto-Indo-European *sh₂l-ie/o- (“to jump”), cognate with Ancient Greek ἅλλομαι…

It is from Latin trāns- (“across”) + marīnus (“of the sea”). marīnus comes from mare (“sea”), which de Vaan traces to Proto-Italic *mari- (“sea, lake”) and Proto-Indo-European *mor-i- (“sea, lake”)…

It is from Latin trāns- (“across”) + versus (“turned”), formed like adversus; versus is the participle of vertō (“to turn”). Synchronically it is the perfect passive participle of trānsvertō (“to…

It is from Latin trāns- (“across”) + volō (“to fly”). De Vaan reconstructs volō as Proto-Italic *gʷela-je/o- from Proto-Indo-European *gʷelh₁-ie/o- (“to raise the arm, throw”), a link he finds…

It is borrowed from Ancient Greek τραπεζίτης (trapezítēs, “money-changer, banker”), from τράπεζα (trápeza, “table”).

It is from Latin tremō (“to tremble”) + -or. The verb tremō goes back to Proto-Indo-European *trem- (“to tremble”). Cognate with Ancient Greek τρέμω (trémō, “to tremble”) and Lithuanian trìmti (“to…

It is formed from Latin tremō (“to tremble”) + -ulus. De Vaan traces the verb to Proto-Italic *trem-e/o- and Proto-Indo-European *tr(e)m- (“to tremble”), cognate with Umbrian tremitu (“let him…

It is formed from Latin tri- (“three”) and a stem ⟨*-duom⟩ from the root of diēs (“day”); Wiktionary gives Proto-Italic *trizdiwom. De Vaan derives ⟨trēs⟩ from Proto-Indo-European *treies (“three”)…

It is formed like triennis (“three years old”) with the suffix -ium, from Latin tri- (“three”) + annus (“year”). De Vaan derives ⟨annus⟩ from Proto-Italic *atno- (“year”), perhaps…

It is from Latin tri- (“three”) + geminus (“twin”). De Vaan traces geminus to Proto-Italic *jemno- (“paired”) and Proto-Indo-European *iemH-no- (“paired, connected”), with initial /g/ probably taken…

It is inherited from Proto-Indo-European *trih₂dḱomth₂ (“thirty”). It is built on the stem of trēs (“three”); the OLD analyses it as ⟨trēs⟩ and ⟨-gintā⟩. Cognate with Ancient Greek τριάκοντα…

It is from Latin tri- (“three”) + hiems (“winter”), literally “three winters old”, like bīmus “two years old”. De Vaan explains that these numeral compounds keep the double zero grade of the word…

It is formed from Latin trēs (“three”) on the model of bīnī. Wiktionary derives it from Proto-Italic *triznos, from Proto-Indo-European *trís (“thrice”) and the adjective suffix *-nós. De Vaan…

The origin is unknown. Hill connected it with the Germanic words for “bold”, such as Old English þrīste, Old High German drīsti and Old Saxon thrīsti, through a preform Proto-Italic *trenksti-; de…

It is from Latin trīticum (“wheat”) + -eus. De Vaan lists trīticum among the derivatives of terō (“to rub, thresh”), which he traces to Proto-Indo-European *terh₁- (“to rub”).

It is formed from Latin trītus (“rubbed, threshed”) + -icum, ⟨trītus⟩ being the past participle of terō (“to rub, thresh”), so “grain for threshing”; Varro already derives it from ⟨terō⟩. De Vaan…

It comes from the ritual cry ⟨triumpe!⟩. Wiktionary takes the older ⟨triumpus⟩ as borrowed from Etruscan *θriampe, from Ancient Greek θρίαμβος (thríambos, “hymn to Dionysus”), and Lewis & Short…

It is from Latin trēs (“three”) + vir (“man”). The OLD explains the first part ⟨trium-⟩ from the genitive plural, used partitively for one of the three men, and Etymonline derives the word from the…

It is inherited from Proto-Italic *treude/o-, inherited from Proto-Indo-European *treud- (“to push, thrust”). Cognate with Welsh cythrudd (“to vex”), Lithuanian triū̃sas (“work, effort, pains”) and…

It is from Latin tumultus (“commotion, uproar”) + -ō. De Vaan lists it with tumultus under tumeō “to swell”: the formation of that noun is unclear, but its meaning suggests that it belongs there; he…

It is from Latin tumultus (“commotion, uproar”) + -ōsus. De Vaan thinks that the meaning of tumultus points to tumeō (“to swell”), although its formation is unclear; he traces that verb to…

It is probably a word of Semitic origin, like Ancient Greek χιτών (khitṓn, “tunic”): the OLD and Köbler compare Biblical Hebrew כְּתֹנֶת (kəṯōneṯ, “tunic”), and Wiktionary also Aramaic כִּיתּוּנָא…

It is from Latin turba (“commotion, crowd”) + -ulentus (“full of”). The origin of turba is uncertain: de Vaan finds the usual link with Sanskrit त्वरते (tvarate, “hurries”) formally doubtful and…

It is inherited from Proto-Italic *torzdo-, inherited from Proto-Indo-European *(s)tr(o)sdʰo- (“thrush”); de Vaan thinks it more likely continues a form ⟨*tr̥zdo-⟩. Cognate with Old Irish truit…

De Vaan finds no clear etymology: its meaning would allow a link with obtūrō (“to stop up”), but he thinks a verb made from an adjective ⟨*tūr-ago-⟩ “swelling”, one of Walde and Hofmann's…

It is from Latin turgeō (“to be swollen”) + -scō. De Vaan finds no clear etymology for turgeō; its meaning makes a link with ⟨-tūrāre⟩ “to block” possible.

It is from Latin turgeō (“to swell”) + -idus. De Vaan finds no clear etymology for turgeō; he thinks a link with obtūrō (“to block”) is possible. Etymonline calls the verb of unknown origin.

The origin is uncertain. The OLD and Köbler compare Sanskrit त्रपते (trápate, “is ashamed”), from Proto-Indo-European *trep- (“to turn”), taking the word as “repelling”; de Vaan finds this meaning…