Latin words first recorded in the 3rd century BC

It is formed from Latin turpis (“ugly, shameful”) + -tūdō. The origin of ⟨turpis⟩ is unknown: Walde–Hofmann and Pokorny compared Sanskrit त्रपते (trapate, “is ashamed”), from Proto-Indo-European…

It is onomatopoeic, a reduplication imitating the bird's coo, like upupa (“hoopoe”) and murmur (“murmur”). Pokorny lists it among sound-imitating words with ⟨t⟩ and ⟨r⟩, beside Ancient Greek τρυγών…

1. The suffix for abstract and collective nouns is inherited from Proto-Indo-European *-tuHts. Fortson gives it as *-tūt-, from *-tuh₂-t-, beside *-tāt-. Weiss takes it as probably a t-stem…

It is borrowed from Ancient Greek θύος (thúos, “offering, incense”), adapted to Latin; the Greek word belongs to θύω (thúō, “to sacrifice”).

It is from Latin tussis (“cough”) + -iō (“verb suffix”). The origin of tussis is unclear: de Vaan finds a link with tundō (“to beat”) conceivable in meaning, but its participle ⟨tūsum⟩ would lead…

It is formed from Latin tūt- + -ēla, ⟨tūt-⟩ being the stem of tueor (“to watch over, protect”). De Vaan takes “watch over, protect” as the first meaning of the verb and finds attractive a derivation…

It is borrowed from Ancient Greek τύμπανον (túmpanon, “kettledrum, drum”), also ⟨τύπανον⟩, from τύπτω (túptō, “to strike, beat”). Köbler gives the PIE root as Proto-Indo-European *(s)teup- (“to…

It is from Latin ubī (“where”) + -cumque. De Vaan derives ⟨ubī⟩ from Proto-Italic *kʷuþei and Proto-Indo-European *kʷu-dʰi (“where”), cognate with Oscan puf (“where”), Umbrian pufe (“where”)…

It is from Latin ubī (“where”) + -nam. De Vaan traces ubī to Proto-Italic *kwu-þ/fei (“where”) and Proto-Indo-European *kwu-dhi (“where”). Cognate with Oscan puf (“where”) and Sanskrit कुह (kúha…

It is formed from Latin ubī (“where”) + -que (“-ever, each”), with the generalising -que of quisque (“each”). De Vaan traces ubī to Proto-Italic *kʷuþei and Proto-Indo-European *kʷu-dʰi (“where”)…

The origin is disputed. De Vaan sets up Proto-Italic *ol-k- (“to destroy, take revenge”) and links it, as a ⟨k⟩-extension, with the root Proto-Indo-European *h₃elh₁- (“to perish”) of dēleō…

It is inherited from Proto-Italic *elkos, inherited from Proto-Indo-European *h₁elḱ-os (“ulcer”); ⟨*elkos⟩ became ⟨*olkos⟩ and then ⟨ulcus⟩. Cognate with Ancient Greek ἕλκος (hélkos, “wound…

It is a diminutive from Latin ūnus (“one”), from *oinelos, a diminutive of *oinos (“one”), from Proto-Indo-European *óynos. Lewis & Short reconstruct ⟨*unulus⟩. The OLD considers it probably a later…

It is from Latin ulmus (“elm”) + -eus. De Vaan traces ulmus to Proto-Italic *e/olmo- and compares Old Irish lem (“elm”) and English elm; since the word is found only in Italic, Celtic, Germanic and…

The suffix is inherited from Proto-Italic *-elos, whence Faliscan -𐌄𐌋𐌏𐌔 (-elos), from Proto-Indo-European *-elós, thematized from *-lós. Weiss sets out the same line of descent for the diminutive…

It is from Latin umbra (“shade, shadow”) + -āticus.

It is inherited from Proto-Italic *omes-o-, inherited from Proto-Indo-European *h₂om-es- (“shoulder”), with ⟨-s-⟩ becoming ⟨-r-⟩ between vowels. Cognate with Umbrian onse (“on the shoulder”)…

It is from Latin ūmidus (“moist, wet”) + -tās. De Vaan lists it among the derivatives of ūmeō (“to be wet”), which goes back to Proto-Italic *ūmo- (“wet”) and Proto-Indo-European *uh₁-mo- (“wet”)…

It is formed from Latin ūnus (“one”) + extrā and similar adverbs. ūnus goes back to Proto-Italic *oino- and Proto-Indo-European *Hoi-no- (“one”); Old Latin has ⟨oino⟩.

It is from Latin ūnus (“one”) + animus (“mind, spirit”), with the adjective ending ⟨-us⟩. The first part goes back to Proto-Italic *oino- and Proto-Indo-European *Hoi-no- (“one”), the second to…

It is from Latin unguō (“to anoint”) + -tiō, and de Vaan lists it, from Plautus on, among the derivatives of that verb. Unguō goes back to Proto-Italic *ongw-e- (“to anoint”) and Proto-Indo-European…

Used as an adjective, it is the past participle from Latin unguō (“to anoint”). De Vaan traces unguō to Proto-Italic *ongʷ-e- (“to anoint”) and Proto-Indo-European *h₃engʷ-e/o- (“to anoint”)…

It is related to ubī “where” as inde “thence” is to ibi “there”. Wiktionary derives it from an earlier ⟨*cunde⟩, from the stem of quī with a demonstrative suffix ⟨*-de⟩, the ⟨c⟩ being lost as in…

It is from Latin ūnus (“one”) + decem (“ten”). De Vaan reconstructs the Proto-Italic numeral for eleven as *oinos-dekm or *oinom-dekm. The ⟨i⟩ of its second part is not well explained: a metathesis…

It is formed from Latin unguen (“ointment”), from unguō (“to anoint”), with an ending like -mentum. De Vaan derives ⟨unguō⟩ from Proto-Italic *ongw-e- (“to anoint”) and Proto-Indo-European…

De Vaan takes it as inherited from Proto-Italic *onglā-, inherited from Proto-Indo-European *h₃ngʰ-l-h₂- (“nail”), beside unguis (“nail”) from the u-stem Proto-Indo-European *h₃ngʰ-u-. He compares…

It is from Latin ūnicus (“one and only”) + -ē. That adjective comes from ūnus (“one”), which de Vaan traces to Proto-Indo-European *Hoi-no- (“one”), cognate with Old Irish óen (“one”) and Lithuanian…

It is from Latin ūnus (“one”) + quisque (“each”); L&S treats it as a phrase that is sometimes written solid. The first part goes back to Proto-Italic *oino- and Proto-Indo-European *Hoi-no- (“one”).

It is an onomatopoeic word, imitating the bird's call, of a kind found in many languages in similar forms. De Vaan compares Ancient Greek ἐποποῖ (epopoî) and ποποπό (popopó), the hoopoe's cry, ἔποψ…

The suffix is from Latin -tūra, which typically made abstract nouns from the stem of the supine or perfect participle. Weiss treats -tūra, -sūra and -ūra together, as verbal abstracts that seem…

It is a loanword, from Ancient Greek ὕρχη (húrkhē, “earthenware jar”) or from the same source. Köbler describes the Greek word as a clay vessel for salting fish, and thinks both words came from a…

It probably stands for ⟨*urc-na⟩, with the cluster simplified, and belongs with urceus (“pitcher”) and Ancient Greek ὕρχη (húrkhē, “jar”). According to Wiktionary, Ernout and Meillet see these and…

The OLD calls its origin doubtful, and Wiktionary unknown. Lewis & Short, Georges and Köbler connect it with ūrō (“to burn”), but Wiktionary reports that Ernout and Meillet reject this as a folk…

It is probably from Latin ut (“as, so that”) + -pe + iam (“now, already”), with ⟨ut⟩ enlarged by /s/, as in Oscan puz and Umbrian puze (“as, so that”). The ending is the same as in quispiam, and…

De Vaan and Wiktionary take it as a compound of ⟨*us⟩, from an older ⟨*ut(V)s⟩ “so that, as”, an extended form, from Latin ut + -quam, the indefinite; uspiam (“somewhere”) is formed alike, and the…

It is from Latin usque (“all the way”) + quāque (“wherever”), the second part being the feminine ablative of quisque (“each”). De Vaan traces the first part to Proto-Italic *ū̆skʷe and…

It is formed from Latin ut (“as, how”) + -cumque (“-ever”). De Vaan traces ⟨ut⟩ to Proto-Italic *kwutV(s) (“how”) and Proto-Indo-European *kwu- (“where, how”), cognate with Oscan puz (“that, as”).

It is formed from Latin ut (“how, as”) + nam (“for”), with the older form ⟨utī⟩. De Vaan derives the first part from Proto-Italic *kʷutV(s) (“how”), from the pronoun stem Proto-Indo-European *kʷu-…

It is from Latin ut (“as”) + pote (“possible”). De Vaan lists it among the derivatives of potis “able”, which goes back to Proto-Italic *poti- (“master, in control of”) and Proto-Indo-European…

It is inherited from Proto-Italic *oiwā. Cognate with Ancient Greek ὄα (óa, “service tree”) and Old Armenian այգի (aygi, “vine”), which also go back to ⟨*oiwā-⟩, and with tree names from ⟨*eiwā-⟩…

It is from Latin uxor (“wife”) + -ius. De Vaan traces uxor to Proto-Italic *uksor-, with a cognate in Faliscan uxor (“wife”); its further origin is unclear, and he rejects the explanations that have…

It is from Latin vas (“surety, bail”) + -ō, a deponent verb. De Vaan traces the noun to Proto-Italic *woss (genitive *waþos) and to a root noun Proto-Indo-European *uodʰ-s, “the one who leads the…

It is inherited from Proto-Italic *waþo-, inherited from Proto-Indo-European *uh₂dʰ-o-, from the root *weh₂dʰ- (“to advance, wade”) of vādō. Its short vowel matches that of Old High German watan…

It is inherited from Proto-Italic *wai, a cry of pain. De Vaan thinks that it and its cognates are probably independent onomatopoeic forms, though shared inheritance cannot be ruled out; Wiktionary…

Its origin is uncertain. De Vaan sets up Proto-Italic *wāg-īnā- with a question mark; the OLD and Wiktionary suggest a link with Lithuanian vóžti (“to cover”), which would make the first meaning…

It is an exclamation. Köbler compares the interjection Proto-Indo-European *u̯ai- (“woe”), and Lewis & Short equate it with Ancient Greek οὐά (ouá).

It is a contracted form from Latin validē (“strongly”), the adverb of validus (“strong”). ⟨Validus⟩ belongs to valeō (“to be strong”), which de Vaan traces to Proto-Italic *walē- and…

It is from Latin valeō (“to be strong, be well”), its present participle, used as an adjective. De Vaan traces ⟨valeō⟩ to Proto-Italic *wal-ē- and Proto-Indo-European *h₂ulh₁-eh₁- (“to be strong”)…

It is formed from Latin valeō (“to be strong, be well”) + -tūdō (through an unattested participle ⟨*valētus⟩). De Vaan traces ⟨valeō⟩ to Proto-Italic *walē- and Proto-Indo-European *h₂ulh₁-eh₁- (“to…

The origin is uncertain. It has been connected with Sanskrit वल्गति (válgati, “to move up and down”), Khotanese valj- (“to go astray, be deceived”) and Old English wealcan (“to roll, move to and…

It probably meant first “to cry out in pain”, and is inherited from Proto-Indo-European *weh₂p- (“to cry, wail”), probably an onomatopoeic root, with the ending of ēiulō (“to wail”). The OLD makes…

It is the adverb from Latin varius (“varied, diverse”) + -ē. De Vaan finds no sure etymology for ⟨varius⟩: a preform Proto-Italic *wasios, connecting it with vafer (“sly”), is speculative, and a…

It is inherited from Proto-Italic *wāt-(ē)i-, inherited from Proto-Indo-European *(H)weh₂t-i- (“seer”). It is one of the words shared by Italic and Celtic: cognate with Old Irish fáith (“seer…

It is from Latin vehō (“to carry”) + -tō, a frequentative. The verb goes back to Proto-Italic *weχ-e/o- and Proto-Indo-European *ueǵh-e/o- (“to carry”). Cognate with Umbrian arveitu (“to add”)…

It is from Latin vehō (“to carry”) + -ūra, built on the participle stem ⟨vect-⟩. De Vaan traces vehō to Proto-Indo-European *weǵʰ-e/o- (“to carry”), cognate with Sanskrit वहति (váhati, “carries…

It is formed from Latin vehemēns (“violent, eager”) + -ter, the adverb of that adjective. De Vaan lists vehemēns among the derivatives of vehō (“to carry”), which goes back to Proto-Italic *weχ-e/o-…

It is from Latin vellō (“to pluck”) + -icō. Vellō goes back to Proto-Italic *weln-e/o- and Proto-Indo-European *ul-n(e)-h3-, a nasal present beside an aorist *uelh3- (“to strike”).

It is formed from Latin vel (“or, even”) + ut (“as”): “even as”.

It is formed from Latin vēnum (“sale”) + -ālis. De Vaan traces ⟨vēnum⟩ to Proto-Italic *wesno- and Proto-Indo-European *wes-no- (“price”), cognate with Ancient Greek ὦνος (ônos, “price”) and…

It is from Latin vēnor (“to hunt”) + -āticus according to the OLD; Wiktionary derives it instead from vēnātus (“hunting, the chase”), the noun of that verb, with the suffix -icus.