Latin words first recorded in the 1st century BC

It is from Latin iuvenis (“young; young man”) + -ālis. The TLL compares the formation of virginālis. De Vaan traces iuvenis to Proto-Italic *juwen- (“young”) and Proto-Indo-European *h₂iu-h₁en-…

It is from Latin lābor (“to slip, glide”), with the frequentative suffix -tō; Wiktionary derives it from the perfect participle lāpsus. According to the TLL, the deponent verb first gave a deponent…

Its origin is unclear. The TLL notes that it means the same as lacūnar (“panelled ceiling”), which is derived from lacūna (“hollow”), but that it is not clear how this word was formed; it compares…

It is from Latin lētum (“death”) + -ālis, formed like vītālis and exitiālis. De Vaan derives lētum from Proto-Italic *lēto- and Proto-Indo-European *leh1-to-, perhaps a past participle “let go” used…

It is from Latin lībō (“to pour a libation”) + -men. De Vaan follows Steinbauer in taking lībō as a verb made from lībum (“sacrificial cake”), which he traces to Proto-Italic *leifo- and…

Used as an adjective, it is the past participle from Latin licet (“it is permitted”). De Vaan traces licet back to Proto-Italic *likē-, whose first meaning he takes to have been “to be available, be…

It is from Latin lītus (“shore”) + -eus. De Vaan finds the origin of the noun uncertain; he thinks the best candidate is Proto-Indo-European *leit-os- (“going”), from a root meaning to go away, so…

It is from Latin lūstrum (“purificatory sacrifice; period of five years”) + -ālis. De Vaan reconstructs that noun as Proto-Italic *lūstro- (“expiation”) and, following Serbat, derives it from the…

It is from Latin luxuria (“luxuriance, excess”) + -ō. De Vaan thinks luxuria is based on an adjective ⟨*luxuros⟩ and belongs with luxus (“excess”), which he traces to Proto-Italic *lukso- and…

It is from Latin madeō (“to be wet”) + -scō (“(inchoative suffix)”), “to become wet”. The verb madeō goes back to Proto-Italic *mad-ē- and Proto-Indo-European *mh₂d-eh₁- (“to be wet”).

It is from Latin manifestus (“evident, caught in the act”) + -ē. De Vaan reports Leumann's explanation of manifestus as the ablative of manus (“hand”) joined to the element ⟨-festus⟩ of īnfestus…

It is from Latin mola (“millstone”) + -āris; the noun is the adjective used alone, with ⟨lapis⟩ “stone” or ⟨dēns⟩ “tooth” understood. mola belongs with molō (“to grind in a mill”), which de Vaan…

It is from Latin mōnstrō (“to point out, show”) + -tor, an agent noun. De Vaan lists that verb among the derivatives of moneō (“to remind, warn”), through mōnstrum (“sign, portent”) from…

It is from Latin mulgeō (“to milk”), a variant of the neuter mulctrum. De Vaan notes that it was not made from the present stem of the verb but seems to continue an older formation with the suffix…

It is borrowed from Ancient Greek μυρίκη (muríkē, “tamarisk”). Köbler, following Frisk, takes the Greek word to be probably of Semitic origin.

It is borrowed from Ancient Greek μυστικός (mustikós, “connected with the mysteries”). The Greek adjective is formed from μύστης (mústēs, “initiate”), which Köbler connects with μυέω (muéō), to…

It is borrowed from Ancient Greek νάρκισσος (nárkissos). Köbler thinks the Greek word is probably itself a loanword. Isidore of Seville, as the TLL reports, explains the plant's name from the fable…

It is from Latin niger (“black”) + -ēscō, an inchoative verb meaning “to become black”. Wiktionary analyses it as nigreō (“to be black”) with the suffix -scō.

It is from Latin oblīquus (“slanting, sideways”) + -ō. De Vaan, who records the adjective from Cato on, calls its etymology unknown: the closest words in form and meaning are līmus (“transverse”)…

It is from Latin ob- + luctor (“to wrestle, struggle”), like colluctor. De Vaan traces luctor to Proto-Italic *lukto- and Proto-Indo-European *lug-to- (“bent”). Cognate with Ancient Greek λύγος…

It is from Latin ob- + umbrō (“to shade”). The simple verb is formed from umbra (“shade, shadow”), which is generally connected with Lithuanian ùnksna (“shade”); de Vaan finds the sound changes this…

It is borrowed from Ancient Greek οἶστρος (oîstros, “gadfly; frenzy”). Etymonline mentions a possible source in Proto-Indo-European *eis-, a root forming words for passion. Ancient writers knew it…

It is from Latin omnis (“all, every”) + -genus (“of a kind”), the second part from genus (“birth, kind”). The OLD and Georges also record an indeclinable ⟨omnigenus⟩, which was originally the…

It is from Latin onus (“load, burden”) + -ōsus. De Vaan traces onus to Proto-Italic *ones- and Proto-Indo-European *h₃en-os (“load”), comparing Sanskrit अनस् (ánas-, “heavy cart”). He finds the link…

The OLD and the TLL connect it with palma (“palm of the hand”), though the TLL finds the formation unclear. Festus explains that vine shoots were given this name because they put out twigs like the…

It is from Latin pampinus (“vine shoot”) + -eus. The origin of pampinus is unclear: the OLD tentatively compares Ancient Greek ἄμπελος (ámpelos, “vine”), while Pokorny connects it with a root…

It renders a Greek name, which in Homer belongs to a Lycian who fought in the Trojan War; Etymonline notes that the name may not be Greek in origin.

It is from Latin penetrō (“to enter, penetrate”) + -bilis. De Vaan suggests that penetrō was formed to penitus (“from within, deeply”) on the model of intrō beside intus, and that the group may go…

It is from Latin per- + errō (“to wander”). De Vaan traces errō to Proto-Italic *ers-āje- (“to be restless”), a verb made from Proto-Indo-European *h₁ers-o/h₂- (“erring, error”), perhaps from a root…

The OLD derives it from Latin per- + nox (“night”). Wiktionary gives either the phrase ⟨per noctem⟩ “through the night” with the ending ⟨-s⟩, or a back-formation from pernoctō (“to spend the…

It is from Latin pharetra (“quiver”) + -ātus. The noun is a borrowing of Ancient Greek φαρέτρα (pharétra, “quiver”); Köbler compares Proto-Indo-European *bʰer- (“to carry”).

It is borrowed from Ancient Greek φώκη (phṓkē, “seal”). Beekes calls the Greek word, found from Homer on, isolated, and thinks that the name of a sea animal may well be Pre-Greek.

It is from Latin piceus (“of pitch”), the feminine of that adjective used as a noun; the OLD derives it directly from pix (“pitch”). A medieval glossary explains it as a tree from which pitch is…

It is from Latin pix (“pitch”) + -eus. That noun goes back to Proto-Italic *pik- and Proto-Indo-European *pik- (“pitch”), and is cognate with Ancient Greek πίσσα (píssa, “pitch”), Lithuanian pìkis…

It is from Latin pīnus (“pine”) + -fer (“bearing”), with the second part from ferō (“to carry, bear”). De Vaan finds several etymologies possible for pīnus: it may share a base with Ancient Greek…

It is from Latin piscis (“fish”) + -ōsus. The noun goes back to Proto-Italic *piski- and Proto-Indo-European *pisk- (“fish”), cognate with Old Irish íasc, Old High German fisk and Old Norse fiskr…

Used as a noun, it is the neuter participle from Latin placitus (“pleasing, agreed”), from placeō (“to please”). De Vaan traces placeō to Proto-Italic *plak-ē- and a root Proto-Indo-European…

It is from Latin pluvia (“rain”) + -ālis; the TLL derives it from pluvius (“rainy”) or pluvia and compares fluviālis. The noun is the feminine of the adjective, from pluō (“to rain”), which de Vaan…

It is from Latin prae- + dīves (“rich”). De Vaan thinks dīves was probably derived from dīvus (“divine”), meaning “who is like, or protected by, the gods”.

It is from Latin prae- + fulgeō (“to shine, flash”).

It is from Latin prae- (“before”) + sāgus (“prophetic, prescient”). De Vaan notes that the simple sāgus appears only from Statius on, while the verb praesāgiō (“to foresee”) is found from Plautus…

It is from Latin prae- (“before”) + sciō (“to know”) + -us; Wiktionary and Köbler analyse it instead with the adjective scius (“knowing”). De Vaan takes sciō to be probably a back-formation from…

It is from Latin prae- (“before”) + vehō (“to carry, (passive) to ride, sail”). De Vaan traces the simple verb to Proto-Italic *weχ-e/o- and Proto-Indo-European *ueǵh-e/o- (“to carry”), and compares…

It is borrowed from Ancient Greek πρίστις (prístis, “sawfish, sea monster”). Köbler tentatively connects it with a root Proto-Indo-European *prīs- (“to cut up”). The variant ⟨pistrix⟩ arose by…

It is from Latin prō- + cubō (“to lie down”). The TLL notes that it expresses the result of prōcumbō (“to fall forward, lie prostrate”): to lie stretched out.

It is from Latin prōcurrō (“to run forward”) + -tus, an action noun.

It is from Latin pudeō (“to be ashamed”), of which it is the gerundive, “that ought to be ashamed of”. De Vaan traces pudeō to Proto-Italic *pudē- (“to be ashamed or shy”), whose further origin is…

It is from Latin quercus (“oak”) + -nus. Wiktionary explains it from an older ⟨*kʷerknos⟩, which became ⟨*kʷernos⟩ by the regular loss of a stop between a liquid and /n/. De Vaan traces the noun to…

It is from Latin queror (“to complain”) + -ulus. De Vaan traces queror to Proto-Italic *kwes-e/o-; Walde–Hofmann, Pokorny and the LIV derive it from Proto-Indo-European *kʷes- (“to hiss”), by way of…

It is from Latin recidō (“to fall back”) + -īvus. De Vaan lists ⟨recidere⟩ among the compounds of cadō (“to fall”). The ancients were divided: some derived it from falling, others from cutting…

It is from Latin re- + cingō (“to gird”). De Vaan calls the etymology of the simple verb uncertain; he reconstructs Proto-Italic *keng- with a question mark.

It is from Latin recurrō (“to run back”) + -tus. recurrō is re- (“back”) with currō (“to run”), which de Vaan traces to Proto-Italic *korse/o- (“to run”) and Proto-Indo-European *krs-e/o- (“to…

It is from Latin re- (“back”) + curvus (“curved, bent”). The TLL derives it instead from the verb recurvō (“to bend back”). De Vaan calls the origin of the simple adjective uncertain: he…

It is from Latin re- (“back”) + fluō (“to flow”). De Vaan traces fluō to Proto-Indo-European *bhleuH- (“to flow over”).

It is from Latin re- (“back”) + lābor (“to slip, glide”).

It is from Latin re- (“back, against”) + luctor (“to wrestle, struggle”). De Vaan explains luctor as a frequentative built on an old past participle meaning “bent”, going back to Proto-Italic…

It is from Latin re- + percutiō (“to strike”). percutiō is a compound of quatiō (“to shake”), for which de Vaan reconstructs Proto-Italic *kwat-i-; he compares Germanic words for shaking such as Old…

It is from Latin re- (“back, again”) + splendeō (“to shine”). De Vaan traces splendeō to Proto-Indo-European *splnd(ʰ)-eh₁- (“to be manifest”).

It is from Latin rubeō (“to be red”) + -scō, an inchoative verb. De Vaan lists rubeō with ruber (“red”), which goes back to Proto-Italic *ruþro- (“red”) and Proto-Indo-European *h₁rudʰ-ró- (“red”).

It is from Latin saeta (“bristle”) + -ōsus. De Vaan traces saeta to Proto-Italic *saitā- and Proto-Indo-European *séh₂i-to- (“cord”) or *sh₂éi-to-; most handbooks derive it from the root “to bind”…