Latin words first recorded in the 1st century BC

It is from Latin ex- + aestuō (“to boil, surge”). aestuō comes from aestus (“heat, surge”), which de Vaan traces with aestās (“summer”) to Proto-Indo-European *h₂eidʰ-tu- (“burning, heat”), doubting…

It is from Latin ex- + hortor (“to urge, encourage”). Etymonline traces hortor to Proto-Indo-European *gʰer- (“to like, want”).

It is from Latin ex- + ōsus (“having hated”), with the participle ⟨ōsus⟩ of ōdī (“to hate”). Wiktionary takes the prefix as an intensifier and notes that, unlike perōsus, it has no finite verb…

It is from Latin ex- + sors (“lot”), “without a lot”. De Vaan traces sors to Proto-Italic *sorti- and Proto-Indo-European *sr̥-ti- (“joining, joint”). Isidore explained it in the same way, as…

It is from Latin falx (“sickle”) + -ātus. The origin of falx is unclear: de Vaan finds a comparison with Old Irish delg (“thorn, pin”) and Old Norse dálkr (“pin, dagger”) acceptable in meaning but…

The origin is unknown. De Vaan compares Ancient Greek βάσκανος (báskanos, “sorcerer, slanderer”) and βάσκω (báskō, “to slander”); if the words are related, both would be loans from an unknown third…

It is from Latin fātum (“fate”) + -fer (“bearing”).

It is from Latin fluvius (“river”) + -ālis, and fluvius is a derivative of fluō (“to flow”), which de Vaan traces to Proto-Italic *flow-e/o- and Proto-Indo-European *bhleuH- (“to flow (over)”).

It is inherited from Proto-Italic *frāgo-. De Vaan notes that its meaning closely matches that of Albanian dredhë (“strawberry”) (Tosk) and drathe (Eastern Geg), and that both may go back to…

It is from Latin frōns (“foliage”) + -eus. De Vaan finds no convincing etymology for the noun; he considers it possible that it and Greek θρόνα (thróna, “herbs, flowers”) go back to the same…

It is from Latin fulmen (“lightning, thunderbolt”) + -ō. De Vaan derives fulmen from an earlier ⟨*fulgmen⟩, made from fulgō (“to flash”), which goes back to Proto-Italic *folg-e/o- (“to shine”) and…

It is from Latin gestō (“to carry, wear”) + -men, a verb formed from gerō (“to carry”). De Vaan traces that verb to Proto-Italic *ges-e/o- and Proto-Indo-European *h₂ǵ-es- (“to carry”), connecting…

It is from Latin glaciēs (“ice”) + -ālis. De Vaan notes that glaciēs means the same as gelū (“frost”) but cannot be derived in any meaningful way from a root meaning “to be cold”; Etymonline thinks…

It is borrowed from Ancient Greek γρύψ (grúps, “griffin”). The further origin of the Greek word is unclear. Etymonline explains it as literally “curved, hook-nosed” and reports Klein's suggestion of…

It is borrowed from Ancient Greek Ἅρπυια (Hárpuia, “Harpy”), a name Georges renders as “snatcher”. Köbler sets the Greek word beside Proto-Indo-European *rep- (“to snatch”).

The OLD forms it from Latin hebes (“blunt”) + -eō, the stative suffix. De Vaan finds it impossible to derive the verb from the adjective or the adjective from the verb, and posits a stem ⟨heb-⟩…

It is from Latin hebes (“blunt, dull”) + -ō. De Vaan finds that neither hebeō (“to be blunt”) nor the adjective can be derived from the other, and sets up a common stem for both.

The origin is uncertain; the OLD only compares hirsūtus (“hairy, shaggy”). Wiktionary and Köbler derive it from Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰers- (“to bristle”), the root of horreō (“to bristle”) and…

It is borrowed from Ancient Greek ἴασπις (íaspis, “jasper”). The Greek word is an oriental loanword, compared by Beekes with Akkadian jašpu, the name of a stone, and perhaps Egyptian in the end…

It is from Latin imber (“rain”) + -fer (“bearing”). The noun imber goes back to Proto-Italic *n̥fr-i- (“cloud”) and Proto-Indo-European *n̥bʰ-r-o- (“(rain) cloud”).

It is formed from Latin in- (“not, un-”) + mōtus (“moved”), ⟨mōtus⟩ being the participle of moveō (“to move”). ⟨moveō⟩ goes back to Proto-Italic *mow(a)- and Proto-Indo-European *m(i̯)euh₁- (“to…

It is from Latin in- + mūgiō (“to low, bellow”). De Vaan calls mūgiō an imitation of a cow's lowing, from Proto-Italic *mūg- and Proto-Indo-European *mū̆g-, cognate with Ancient Greek μυκάομαι…

It is formed from Latin in- (“not”) + patiēns (“enduring, patient”), ⟨patiēns⟩ being the participle of patior (“to suffer, endure”). De Vaan finds the origin of ⟨patior⟩ unclear: it has been linked…

It is from Latin in- + pavidus (“fearful”). pavidus is made from paveō (“to be frightened”), which de Vaan traces to Proto-Italic *paw-ē- (“to be frightened”) and Proto-Indo-European *pou-eh₁- (“to…

It is from Latin in- + precor (“to pray, beg”). De Vaan treats precor under the noun prex (“prayer, request”), which goes back to Proto-Italic *prek- and Proto-Indo-European *preḱ- (“question”).

It is from Latin in- (“not”) + accessus (“approached”), the participle of accēdō (“to approach”) with the negative prefix.

It is from Latin in- (“not”) + ausus (“dared”), the negative prefix with the perfect participle of audeō (“to dare”). De Vaan derives that verb from avidus (“greedy”): it first meant “to want very…

It is from Latin incēdō (“to advance, march”), a back-formation from its perfect ⟨incessī⟩. De Vaan lists incēdō under cēdō “to go, give way”.

It is from Latin inclēmēns + -ia, from inclēmēns (“harsh, merciless”), the negative of clēmēns (“mild, merciful”). The origin of clēmēns itself is uncertain.

It is from Latin in- (“not”) + compositus (“put together, orderly”). The adjective is the perfect participle of compōnō (“to put together”), a compound of com- and pōnō (“to put”).

It is from Latin in- + coquō (“to cook”). De Vaan traces coquō to Proto-Italic *kʷekʷe/o- (“to cook”) and Proto-Indo-European *pekʷ-e/o- (“to cook”), with the /o/ of the first syllable perhaps taken…

It is from Latin in- (“not”) + dēfessus (“worn out”). The participle dēfessus belongs to dēfetīscor (“to grow weary”), which Köbler traces to dē- and fatīscor.

Wiktionary analyses it as from Latin in- + dūrēscō (“to harden”); the OLD as a formation from in-, dūrus (“hard”) and the inchoative suffix -ēscō. De Vaan derives the adjective from Proto-Italic…

It is formed from Latin in- + ēmptus, from the negative prefix and ēmptus (“bought”), the past participle of emō (“to buy”). The verb goes back to Proto-Italic *eme/o-, Proto-Indo-European…

It is from Latin in- (“not”) + exhaustus (“drained, used up”), the past participle of exhauriō (“to drain, exhaust”). De Vaan traces hauriō (“to draw (water)”) to Proto-Indo-European *h₂eus-ie/o-…

It is from Latin in- (“not”) + expertus (“tried, experienced”), the participle of experior (“to try”). De Vaan treats ⟨-perior⟩ with pariō (“to bring forth”), from Proto-Italic *per(e)i- (“to find…

It is from Latin in- (“not”) + extrīcō (“to disentangle”) + -bilis (“-able”). De Vaan lists extrīcō (from Plautus on) among the derivatives of trīcae (“complications, tricks; trifles”), whose…

It is from Latin in- + faustus (“favourable, lucky”). De Vaan derives faustus from ⟨*foustus⟩, ⟨*faves-to-⟩, made from faveō (“to be favourable”), which goes back to Proto-Italic *faw-ē-; for the…

It is from Latin in- + geminō (“to double”). That verb comes from geminus (“twin”), which de Vaan traces to Proto-Italic *jemno- (“paired”) and Proto-Indo-European *iemH-no- (“paired, connected”).

It is from Latin in- (“not”) + hospita (“hospitable, foreign”) in the OLD. The TLL explains it as ⟨in⟩ and hospita with a declension made up as if from a masculine ⟨hospitus⟩, and Wiktionary as ⟨in⟩…

It is from Latin in- + nectō (“to tie, bind”).

It is from Latin in- + nocuus (“harmful”). The TLL thinks it is formed directly from in- and noceō (“to harm”), hardly from ⟨nocuus⟩. De Vaan traces noceō to Proto-Italic *nokeje- (“to cause death”)…

It is formed from Latin in- (“not”) + offēnsus, the participle of offendō (“to strike against”). De Vaan traces the verb ⟨-fendō⟩, preserved only in compounds, to Proto-Italic *χʷ(e)nd- and…

It is from Latin inopīnātus (“unexpected”), a back-formation according to the OLD and the TLL, like necopīnus. Georges and Wiktionary instead analyse it as ⟨in-⟩ with an adjective ⟨*opīnus⟩ from…

It is a frequentative verb from Latin īnserō (“to insert, introduce”) + -tō, formed like exsertō. Wölfflin argued that Virgil coined it to suit the metre. The TLL records Romance outcomes meaning…

It is formed from Latin in- (“not”) + sincērus (“pure, sound”), with the negative prefix.

It is from Latin in- (“not”) + somnus (“sleep”) + -is. somnus goes back to Proto-Italic *swopno- and Proto-Indo-European *suépno- (“sleep”), with cognates such as Sanskrit स्वप्न (svápna-, “sleep…

It is from Latin in- (“not”) + superābilis (“surmountable”). The TLL derives it from the transitive superō (“to overcome”), which de Vaan lists among the derivatives of super (“above”); that goes…

It is from Latin in- + surgō (“to rise”).

It is from Latin in- (“not”) + temerātus (“violated”), the participle of temerō (“to violate, defile”) with the negative prefix. The OLD forms that verb from temere (“blindly, rashly”), which de…

It is from Latin intepeō (“to be lukewarm”) + -scō, an inchoative verb. The verb intepeō is formed from in- and tepeō (“to be warm”), which de Vaan traces to Proto-Italic *tep-ē- and…

It is from Latin inter- + fundō (“to pour”), “to pour between”.

It is from Latin in- (“not”) + territus (“frightened”), the participle of terreō (“to frighten”). De Vaan, following the LIV, traces terreō to Proto-Italic *tros-eje- (“to scare”) and…

It is from Latin in- (“not, un-”) + tractābilis (“manageable”). The base is formed from tractō (“to handle”), the frequentative of trahō (“to draw, drag”).

It is from Latin in- + tremō (“to tremble”). De Vaan traces tremō to Proto-Italic *trem-e/o- and Proto-Indo-European *tr(e)m- (“to tremble”). Cognate with Umbrian tremitu and Ancient Greek τρέμω…

It is formed from Latin in- (“not”) + validus (“strong”), the negative prefix. The adjective belongs with valeō (“to be strong”), which de Vaan derives from Proto-Italic *wal-ē- and…

It is from Latin in- + via (“road, way”) + -us. De Vaan traces via to Proto-Italic *wijā- (“road”) and Proto-Indo-European *uih₁-eh₂- (“pursuit”).

It is formed from Latin in- + remeō (“to go back, return”) + -bilis, with the negative prefix. It could also be read as ⟨in⟩ and remeābilis, but that adjective is attested much later and may be a…

It is from Latin in- (“not”) + reparābilis (“recoverable, reparable”), with the ⟨n⟩ assimilated, and the adjective comes from reparō (“to recover, restore”).

It is from Latin in- + rōrō (“to drip, shed dew”). De Vaan lists the simple verb as a derivative of rōs (“dew”), which he traces to Proto-Italic *rōs and Proto-Indo-European *h₁rōs (“dew, juice”)…