Latin words first recorded in the 1st century BC

It is from Latin satus (“sown”), its neuter plural, used as a noun, the participle of serō “to sow”. De Vaan traces that verb to Proto-Italic *si-se/o- (“to sow”) and its participle to Proto-Italic…

1. The adjective “sprung from” is from Latin serō (“to sow, plant”), its past participle. De Vaan traces the participle to Proto-Italic *sato- (“sown”) and Proto-Indo-European *sh₁-to-, from the…

It is from Latin saxum (“rock”) + -ōsus. De Vaan traces that noun to Proto-Italic *saks-o-, but finds no certain etymology for it.

It is from Latin sēcēdō (“to withdraw”) + -tus. The verb sēcēdō is formed from sē- (“apart”) and cēdō (“to go, withdraw”), which de Vaan, after Lubotsky, traces to Proto-Italic *kesd-e/o- (“to go…

It is from Latin sēmi- (“half”) + nex (“death, violent death”), The noun nex goes back, according to de Vaan, to Proto-Italic *nek- and Proto-Indo-European *neḱ-s (“death”). Cognate with Ancient…

It is from Latin sēmi- (“half”) + vir (“man”). Sēmi- goes back to Proto-Indo-European *sēm-i (“in one”), a locative whose meaning shifted to “one of the two” and then “half”; it is cognate with…

It is from Latin sīdus (“star, constellation”) + -eus. De Vaan thinks the old link of sīdus with a root meaning to shine is vague, and favours Rix's and Nyman's view that it continues Proto-Italic…

It is from Latin sinus (“curve, fold”) + -ō. De Vaan reconstructs sinus as Proto-Italic *sinu-, probably connected with Albanian gji (“breast”), with no further etymology.

It is from Latin sinus (“curve, fold”) + -ōsus (“full of”). De Vaan reconstructs Proto-Italic *sinu- for sinus and connects it, probably, with Albanian gji (“breast”); beyond that he finds no…

It is borrowed from Ancient Greek Σείριος (Seírios), probably the same word as the Greek adjective meaning “scorching, glowing”. The further origin is unclear. Beekes reports a connection with σείω…

It is borrowed from Ancient Greek σεῖστρον (seîstron, “rattle”), from σείω (seíō, “to shake”).

It is from Latin soleō (“to be accustomed”), its past participle used as an adjective. The origin of the verb is disputed: de Vaan rejects a derivation from the root of suēscō (“to become used to”)…

It is from Latin sonor (“sound, noise”) + -us. De Vaan lists sonor among the derivatives of sonō (“to sound”), which goes back to Proto-Italic *swena- (“to sound”) and Proto-Indo-European *suenH-…

It is from Latin spīca (“ear of grain”) + -eus. De Vaan traces the noun to Proto-Italic *speikā- and Proto-Indo-European *speig- or Proto-Indo-European *spiHg-, and compares Germanic words for sharp…

It is from Latin spūma (“foam”) + -eus. De Vaan derives spūma from Proto-Italic *spoimā- (“foam”) and Proto-Indo-European *spoHi-m- (“foam”), a derivative in ⟨-m-⟩ beside the ⟨-n-⟩ forms of other…

The origin is uncertain. De Vaan sets up Proto-Italic *stī/eir-(lā-) and regards stīlla (“drop”) as a diminutive of the headword, although the headword itself is attested only in Imperial Latin…

It is from Latin strepō (“to make a noise”) + -itō, a frequentative or intensive verb. De Vaan traces strepō to Proto-Italic *strepe/o- and Proto-Indo-European *strep-e/o-, but doubts that the root…

It is from Latin strīdō (“to make a shrill sound”) + -ulus. De Vaan takes strīdō to be an onomatopoeic formation, with ⟨str⟩ and ⟨i⟩ rendering a high, shrill tone, and compares Ancient Greek τρίζω…

It has no etymology. Walde–Hofmann proposed a borrowing from Ancient Greek σῦφαρ (sûphar, “wrinkled skin”), which de Vaan finds doubtful because of the different meaning; he suggests that Latin and…

It is from Latin sub- (“under”) + lābor (“to slip, glide”). De Vaan treats the simple verb with labō (“to waver”); he discusses a root meaning “weak” but finds the ablaut ⟨lab-⟩ : ⟨lāb-⟩ hard to…

It is from Latin sub- (“under”) + nectō (“to bind”). The origin of nectō is uncertain: one old view takes it as a remake of an earlier verb related to nōdus (“knot”), another connects it with…

It is from Latin super- + veniō (“to come”). The verb veniō goes back to Proto-Italic *gʷenjō and Proto-Indo-European *gʷm̥-yé- (“to come”).

It is from Latin tābeō (“to melt, waste away”) + -idus. De Vaan traces tābeō to Proto-Italic *tāf-ē- (“to be melting”) and Proto-Indo-European *teh2-bh-eh1- (“to be melting”); the sense to melt…

It is formed from Latin temere (“rashly, blindly”) + -ō, the verbal suffix, properly to treat rashly. De Vaan explains temere as a fossilized locative of a noun meaning “darkness”, from Proto-Italic…

It is borrowed from Ancient Greek θώραξ (thṓrax, “breastplate, chest”). Beekes, as quoted by Etymonline, calls the Greek word a technical term without etymology, probably a loan. Köbler mentions a…

It is borrowed from Ancient Greek θύμον (thúmon). Köbler compares the Greek word with Proto-Indo-European *dʰeu̯h₂- (“to blow, smoke, reek”).

The origin is uncertain. De Vaan finds only one close cognate, Ancient Greek πτελέα (pteléa, “elm”); either both words were borrowed from a third language, or Latin took the Greek word as ⟨*telia⟩…

It is probably borrowed from Oscan: de Vaan, Köbler and Wiktionary take it as a loan from a Sabellic (Osco-Umbrian) language because of its ⟨f⟩. De Vaan reconstructs Proto-Italic *tauf-o- with a…

It is perhaps from Latin trabs (“beam”), with reference to the horizontal stripes of red or purple that decorated the garment. De Vaan traces that noun to Proto-Italic *trab- (“wooden beam”).

It is a compound from Latin tri- + dēns, “having three teeth”. De Vaan traces dēns (“tooth”) to Proto-Italic *dent- and Proto-Indo-European *h₃d-nt- (“tooth”). The noun “trident” is the adjective…

It is from Latin tri- (“three”) + sulcus (“furrow”), with the combining form of trēs. Sulcus goes back to Proto-Italic *solko- and Proto-Indo-European *solk-o- (“furrow”). The older bisulcus…

It is from Latin turris (“tower”) + -ger (“bearing”). The second part is the compounding form of gerō (“to carry”). The noun ⟨turris⟩ is a loanword from Ancient Greek τύρρις (túrrhis) or τύρσις…

It is from Latin ulcīscor (“to avenge”) + -trīx, the feminine of ultor (“avenger”). De Vaan reconstructs ulcīscor as Proto-Italic *ol-k- (“to destroy, take revenge”), perhaps from…

It is from Latin ūndecim (“eleven”), with the ending of decimus (“tenth”). De Vaan explains the numeral as made of the words for one and ten.

It is from Latin ursus (“bear”), made feminine. De Vaan traces ursus to Proto-Indo-European *h₂rtḱo- (“bear”), cognate with Ancient Greek ἄρκτος (árktos, “bear; the Great Bear”), Sanskrit ऋक्ष…

It is perhaps borrowed from Ancient Greek ὑάκινθος (huákinthos, “hyacinth”) in a corrupted form, reshaped after the adjective vaccīnus (“of cows”). The Greek word is a loanword of unknown source.

It is from Latin vēnor (“to hunt”) + -trīx, the feminine counterpart of vēnātor (“hunter”). De Vaan takes vēnor as probably a denominative verb from Proto-Italic *wēn-o/ā- (“hunting”), and connects…

It is from Latin veneror (“to worship, revere”) + -bilis.

It is from Latin vīpera (“viper”) + -eus. For vīpera de Vaan rejects the old explanation, going back to Pliny, as ⟨vīvo-para⟩ “bearing live young”, on grounds of meaning and form; he prefers, as…

It is formed from Latin puteus (“well”) + -al. Wiktionary explains it as the neuter of the adjective puteālis (“of a well”) used as a noun, with the final ⟨-e⟩ lost and the vowel before ⟨-l⟩…

It is from Latin ab- + norma (“carpenter's square, rule”) + -is.

It is from Latin aborior (“to pass away, miscarry”) + -īvus. The verb is orior (“to rise”) with ab-; de Vaan traces the simple verb to Proto-Italic *or-i- (“to rise”) and Proto-Indo-European *h₃r-i-…

It is borrowed from Ancient Greek ἀκινάκης (akīnákēs, “short sword of the Persians and Scythians”). Beekes thinks the Greek word is perhaps an Iranian loan, but notes that the form κινάκης (kinákēs)…

It is from Latin alloquor (“to speak to, address”) + -tiō. That verb is a compound of ad- and loquor (“to speak”).

It is from Latin annus (“year”) + -ōsus. De Vaan traces annus to Proto-Italic *atno- (“year”) and Proto-Indo-European *h₂et-no-, from a root "to go", so that the year is what goes round. He compares…

It is borrowed from Ancient Greek βάρβιτος (bárbitos, “lyre”). Köbler, following Frisk, calls the Greek word a foreign word of unknown origin.

It is from Latin bi- + mare (“sea”) + -is, “having two seas”. De Vaan traces mare to Proto-Italic *mari- (“sea, lake”) and Proto-Indo-European *mor-i- (“sea, lake”), a word that named any large body…

It is from Latin callum (“hard skin”) + -ōsus. De Vaan reconstructs the noun as Proto-Italic *kaln/so- (“hard”) and calls its Indo-European origin uncertain; he compares Old Irish calath (“hard”)…

It is from Latin captō (“to try to catch, strive for”) + -tor, and captō is formed on the past participle of capiō (“to take”). De Vaan derives capiō from Proto-Italic *kap-i- and either…

It is borrowed from Ancient Greek χειράγρα (kheirágra, “gout in the hand”), a compound of χείρ (kheír, “hand”) and ἄγρα (ágra, “seizing, catching”).

It is from Latin cōnspiciō (“to catch sight of, notice”) + -uus. The verb is formed with con- on speciō (“to look at”), which de Vaan traces to Proto-Italic *spekje/o- and Proto-Indo-European…

It is from Latin con- + nūbō (“to marry”) + -ium. De Vaan explains the long ⟨cō-⟩ from earlier ⟨*com-sn-⟩, and Weiss reconstructs ⟨*kon-snoubiom⟩; de Vaan finds the origin of ⟨nūbō⟩ itself unclear…

It is borrowed from Ancient Greek κόστος (kóstos) (also neuter κόστον (kóston)), the name of the plant and of its spicy root. The Greek word is a loanword from Sanskrit कुष्ठ (kúṣṭha-), the same…

It is formed from Latin curtus (“short, cut off”) + -ō. De Vaan traces curtus through Proto-Italic *korto- to Proto-Indo-European *kr-to- (“cut off”).

It is borrowed from Ancient Greek κυκλικός (kuklikós, “circular; cyclic”), an adjective of κύκλος (kúklos, “circle, ring, wheel”).

It is from Latin decet (“it is fitting”), its present participle, used as an adjective. De Vaan traces decet to Proto-Italic *dek-ē- (“fits, is right”) and Proto-Indo-European *deḱ-eh₁-. Cognate…

It is from Latin dē- (“from”) + sūmō (“to take”). The verb sūmō is a compound of sub- and emō (“to take”), which goes back to Proto-Indo-European *h₁em- (“to take”).

1. The adjective is from Latin dīligō (“to love, esteem”), its participle, used as an adjective. De Vaan derives ⟨dīligō⟩ from dis- (“apart”) and legō (“to gather, pick”), which he traces to…

It is from Latin dis- + nōscō (“to get to know”). De Vaan traces the simple verb to Proto-Italic *gnōske- and Proto-Indo-European *ǵneh₃- (“to know”); it is cognate with Ancient Greek γιγνώσκω…

It is from Latin ex- + mētior (“to measure”). De Vaan explains mētior as a verb made from a noun Proto-Italic *mēti- (“measurement”), from Proto-Indo-European *meh₁-ti- (“measurement”). Cognate with…