Latin words first recorded in the 1st century BC

It is from Latin intrō (“inside”) + versus (“towards”), contracted. De Vaan explains ⟨intrō⟩ as an old ablative of Proto-Indo-European *h₁en-tero- (“situated within”), derived from…

It is borrowed from Ancient Greek ἑλένιον (helénion, “elecampane”), adapted to Latin. Köbler names as possible sources of the Greek word Ἑλένη (Helénē), the name Helen, or ἕλος (hélos, “marsh…

It is from Latin in- (“on”) + umbrō (“to shade”), which the TLL derives from ⟨in⟩ and umbra (“shade, shadow”). De Vaan notes that umbra is generally connected with Lithuanian ùnksna (“shade”) and…

It is from Latin in- (“in, on”) + ūrō (“to burn”). De Vaan traces ūrō to Proto-Italic *ouse/o- (“to burn”) and Proto-Indo-European *h₁eus-e/o- (“to burn”), comparing Sanskrit ओषति (oṣati, “burns…

It is from Latin in- (“not”) + violābilis (“that can be injured”). The adjective violābilis is from violō (“to do violence to”), which de Vaan takes as probably made from an adjective Proto-Italic…

It is formed from Latin in- (“not”) + revocō (“to call back”) + -bilis, or from in- and revocābilis.

It is from Latin Ītalia (“Italy”), the name of the country. Georges reports the ancient explanation that the Italians were named after a native or old Greek word, ἰταλός (italós, “bull”), because…

It is from Latin iungō (“to join”) + -ūra. De Vaan traces iungō to Proto-Italic *jung-e/o- and the nasal present Proto-Indo-European *(H)iunégti (“to yoke”), comparing Sanskrit युनज्मि (yunájmi, “I…

It is from Latin iuvenis (“young”) + -tās. De Vaan traces iuvenis to Proto-Italic *juwen- (“young”) and Proto-Indo-European *h2iu-h1en- (“who possesses vital force”), hence “young”, and counts…

It is inherited from Proto-Indo-European *leh₂-mn-to- (“howling, crying”), a formation de Vaan derives from a verb meaning “to wail”. The OLD likewise analyses it as a root ⟨la-⟩ with the suffix…

It is from Latin langueō (“to be weak, faint”) + -scō, an inchoative. De Vaan derives langueō from an adjective “faint, weak”, from Proto-Italic *(s)lā̆ng-u-, perhaps Proto-Indo-European…

Used as an adjective, it is the present participle from Latin lateō (“to lie hidden”). The verb goes back to Proto-Italic *latē-, a stative verb made from Proto-Indo-European *lh₂-to- (“hidden”).

It is from Latin lēvis (“smooth”) + -or. De Vaan takes lēvis as an old u-stem adjective, from Proto-Italic *lēju- and Proto-Indo-European *leh₁i-u- (“smooth”), and compares Ancient Greek λεῖος…

It is from Latin longus (“long, far”) + -iter.

It is formed from Latin lūceō (“to shine”) + -idus. The verb belongs to lūx (“light”), which de Vaan traces to Proto-Italic *louk- (“light”) and Proto-Indo-European *leuk- (“light”), cognate with…

It is related to macer (“lean, thin”) and maceō (“to be thin”), with the suffix -iēs. De Vaan traces macer to Proto-Italic *makro- (“long, lean”) and Proto-Indo-European *mh₂ḱ-ro- (“long”). Cognate…

It is from Latin macula (“spot, stain”) + -ō. De Vaan derives macula from Proto-Italic *smatlo-, perhaps from Proto-Indo-European *smh₁-tlo- (“wiping”), comparing Ancient Greek σμάω (smáō, “to wipe…

It is a foreign word of uncertain source. The TLL and Köbler take it from Illyrian, and the TLL compares Albanian mëz “foal” and a Gaulish place name. Wiktionary also compares Romanian mânz “foal…

It is inherited from Proto-Italic *mark-ē-, inherited from Proto-Indo-European *mr̥k-eh₁- (“to be soaked, be weak”). De Vaan compares Hittite markiye/a- (“to disapprove of, refuse”) and Sanskrit…

It is inherited from Proto-Italic *mātūto- (“of early morning”), which, like mātūrus (“ripe”), presupposes a noun *mātu- (“ripeness, early moment”), from Proto-Indo-European *meh₂-tu- (“ripeness”)…

It is from Latin mēnstruus (“monthly”), used as a noun, and so goes back to mēnsis (“month”).

It is a frequentative, from Latin mergō (“to dip, sink”) + -tō. De Vaan traces mergō to Proto-Italic *mezge/o- and Proto-Indo-European *mesg-e/o- (“to sink, wash”). Cognate with Sanskrit मज्जन्ति…

It is from Latin mōbilis (“movable, quick”) + -tās. The adjective mōbilis is made from moveō (“to move”), which de Vaan traces to Proto-Italic *mow(a)- and Proto-Indo-European *m(i̯)euh₁- (“to…

It is from Latin mōbilis (“movable, quick”) + -ter. The adjective is formed from moveō (“to move”) with -bilis; de Vaan derives it from Proto-Italic *mowe-bli- and traces the verb to…

It is from Latin moveō (“to move”) + -men, contracted, as the TLL and Lewis & Short put it, from an older *movimen. De Vaan lists it among the derivatives of that verb, whose related mōmentum he…

It is from Latin mōns (“mountain”) + vagus (“wandering”). The TLL compares a Greek compound of the same meaning, and reports Leumann's view that the second part is the verb vagor (“to wander”). De…

It is from Latin morbus (“disease”) + -idus. De Vaan tentatively traces morbus to Proto-Italic *mor-fo- and Proto-Indo-European *mor-bʰo-, with a suffix seen in adjectives describing an appearance…

It is from Latin mūrus (“wall”) + -ālis. De Vaan traces mūrus, older ⟨moerus⟩ and ⟨moirus⟩, to Proto-Italic *moi-ro- and Proto-Indo-European *(H)moi-ro- (“building”).

It is from Latin nītor (“to lean on, strive”), a frequentative formed with the suffix -tō.

It is from Latin nox (“night”) + vagor (“to wander”) with the adjective ending -us, according to the OLD; Wiktionary and Georges take the second part as vagus (“wandering”).

It is from Latin nōminō (“to name”) + -itō, a frequentative.

It is borrowed from Ancient Greek νόθος (nóthos, “born out of wedlock to a known father”). Beekes calls the Greek word unexplained, possibly Pre-Greek.

It is from Latin novus (“new”) + -ō. Wiktionary takes it back to Proto-Italic *nowāō and a factitive Proto-Indo-European *néweh₂ti (“makes new”). De Vaan traces novus to *nowo- and *neuo- (“new…

It is from Latin obiciō (“to throw in the way”) + -tus. obiciō is a compound of ob- and iaciō (“to throw”), which de Vaan traces to Proto-Italic *jak-i- (“to throw”) and Proto-Indo-European…

It is from Latin ob- + nītor (“to lean on, strive”). De Vaan finds the original meaning of nītor unclear, "lean on" or "exert pressure", and reconstructs Proto-Italic *kniχw-et- with a velar-final…

It is from Latin obtundō (“to beat, blunt”), its participle used as an adjective, a compound of ob- and tundō (“to beat”). De Vaan traces tundō to Proto-Italic *(s)tund- and Proto-Indo-European…

It is from Latin omnis (“all, every”) + modus (“way, manner”), a fusion of the ablative plural phrase ⟨omnibus modīs⟩, “in all ways”. Lewis & Short compare multimodīs and mīrimodīs, made in the same…

It is from Latin opprobrō (“to reproach”) + -ium. De Vaan lists it, with opprobrō, under probrum “disgrace”, which he explains as an old adjective Proto-Italic *pro-fr-o-, from Proto-Indo-European…

It is borrowed from Ancient Greek ὄστρεον (óstreon, “oyster; shellfish”), the purple dye being taken from a shellfish. The TLL instead explains it as a back-formation from ostrīnus (“purple”)…

It is borrowed from Ancient Greek παλλάδιον (palládion), the neuter of παλλάδιος (palládios, “of Pallas”), from Παλλάς (Pallás), a name of Athena.

Used as an adjective, it is the present participle from Latin palleō (“to be pale”). De Vaan connects palleō with Proto-Italic *palwo- (“pale, grey”) and compares Lithuanian pal̃vas (“light yellow…

It is borrowed from Ancient Greek πάππος (páppos, “grandfather”). Köbler connects the Greek word with the nursery word Proto-Indo-European *pappa (“father; food”).

The OLD and Wiktionary take it as from Latin penetrō (“to penetrate, enter”) + -ālis. The TLL notes that most adjectives in ⟨-ālis⟩ come from nouns, and suggests a lost ⟨*peno-t(e)ro-⟩, whose first…

It is from Latin per- (“through”) + fīgō (“to fix, pierce”).

It is from Latin per- + flō (“to blow”). De Vaan lists ⟨perflāre⟩ “to blow through” among the derivatives of the simple verb, which he traces, with a question mark, to Proto-Indo-European *bʰleh₁-…

It is from Latin per- + forō (“to bore”). De Vaan traces forō to Proto-Italic *foraje/o- and, with a question mark, to Proto-Indo-European *bʰorH-ie/o- (“to pierce, strike”) or a noun meaning…

It is from Latin per- + parvus (“small”), with the intensive prefix. parvus goes back to Proto-Italic *pauro- and Proto-Indo-European *peh2u-ro- (or *ph2eu-ro-). Cognate with Ancient Greek παῦρος…

It is from Latin per- + pendō (“to weigh”). De Vaan traces pendō to Proto-Italic *pend-e/o- (“to hang, weigh”) and Proto-Indo-European *(s)pend- (“to spin”).

It is from Latin per- + scindō (“to split, tear”). scindō goes back to Proto-Italic *ski-n-d-e/o- and Proto-Indo-European *ski-n-d- (“to split, tear off”); it is cognate with Ancient Greek σχίζω…

It is from Latin per- (“through”) + saltō (“to dance, leap”). De Vaan lists it, with a first use in Lucretius, among the derivatives of saliō (“to jump”), which he traces to Proto-Italic *sal-je-…

It is from Latin per- + tergeō (“to rub, wipe off”). De Vaan reconstructs the simple verb as Proto-Italic *terg- and finds no certain cognates outside Italic.

According to the OLD and Wiktionary it is from Latin pervigil (“always watchful”) + -ium; the TLL from the verb pervigilō (“to stay awake all night”). pervigil is formed from per- and vigil (“awake…

It is from Latin per- + volitō (“to fly about”). The verb volitō is a frequentative of volō (“to fly”), which de Vaan tentatively derives from Proto-Italic *gʷela-je/o- and Proto-Indo-European…

It is from Latin pinguis (“fat”) + -ēscō, an inchoative verb. De Vaan rejects the etymologies proposed so far for pinguis and finds it semantically most attractive to connect it with…

It is from Latin plōrō (“to wail, weep”) + -tus, a fourth-declension action noun. De Vaan finds no etymology for plōrō; Walde–Hofmann and Ernout–Meillet, he reports, think likely the ancient…

It is from Latin pōnō (“to put, place”) + -ūra, built on the participle ⟨positus⟩. De Vaan derives pōnō from ⟨*po-sinō⟩ "to put down", from sinō (“to let”).

The TLL explains it as a back-formation from Latin praenūntiō (“to announce beforehand”), compare nūntius; the OLD analyses it as praenūntiō with ⟨-us⟩. De Vaan takes nūntius (“messenger”) from…

It is from Latin prae- (“before”) + posterus (“coming after”). Etymonline renders it literally as "before-behind".

It is its neuter perfect passive participle, from Latin praescrībō (“to write before; prescribe”) used as a noun. That verb is a compound of prae- (“before”) and scrībō (“to write”).

It is from Latin praetereō (“to go past, pass by”), its participle, used as an adjective. The verb is praeter (“past, beyond”) with eō (“to go”), which de Vaan traces to Proto-Italic *ei- and…