Latin words first recorded in the 1st century BC

It is from Latin dis- + saliō (“to leap”). De Vaan traces saliō to Proto-Italic *sal-je- (“to jump”) and Proto-Indo-European *sh₂l̥-ye/o- (“to jump”), comparing Ancient Greek ἅλλομαι (hállomai, “to…

It is from Latin dissiliō (“to leap apart”) + -tō, a frequentative made on the participle stem ⟨dissult-⟩. The TLL compares both dissiliō and saltō (“to dance”). The base verb saliō (“to jump”) goes…

It is from Latin dīs (“rich”) + -ēscō, an inchoative verb built on the stem ⟨dīt-⟩. The TLL derives it from dīves “rich”, of which the base is a contracted form.

It is from Latin dis- + vellō (“to pluck, tear”). De Vaan traces ⟨vellō⟩ to Proto-Italic *weln-e/o- and a nasal present of Proto-Indo-European *uelh3- (“to strike”), cognate with Hittite u̯alh- (“to…

It is from Latin dis- + verberō (“to beat, lash”). The simple verb comes from verbera (“blows, lashes”), which de Vaan takes, with the derivative verbēna, to point to an old s-stem.

It is from Latin ex- + fētus (“having given birth”). De Vaan traces fētus to Proto-Italic *fēto- and Proto-Indo-European *dheh₁-to- (“having given birth”).

It is from Latin effugiō (“to escape”) + -ium. The verb is ex- with fugiō (“to flee”), which de Vaan traces to Proto-Italic *fug-i- and Proto-Indo-European *bʰug-i- (“to flee”). Servius compares the…

It is from Latin effundō (“to pour out”), its perfect participle, used as an adjective. The verb is from ex- and fundō (“to pour”), which goes back to Proto-Italic *χund- and Proto-Indo-European…

It is borrowed from Ancient Greek ἐλέφας (eléphās, “ivory; elephant”), which is already found in Mycenaean as Mycenaean Greek e-re-pa. The Greek word is itself a foreign word of unclear origin…

It is from Latin ex- (“out”) + mānō (“to flow”). De Vaan considers mānō a verb made from a noun, perhaps comparable with Celtic words for peat and moss, but the connection remains isolated.

It is from Latin ēmittō (“to send out”) + -tus, an action noun formed on the stem of the past participle. The base verb is built on mittō (“to send”), which goes back to Proto-Italic *meit-e/o-.

It is from Latin ex- + nāscor (“to be born”). De Vaan derives the simple verb from Proto-Italic *gnāsk-e/o- and Proto-Indo-European *ǵnh1-sk-e/o- (“to be born”), and compares Paelignian cnatois…

It is from Latin errō (“to wander”) + -bundus. De Vaan derives errō from Proto-Italic *ers-āje- (“to be restless”), a verb made from a noun Proto-Indo-European *h₁ers-o/h₂- (“erring, error”).

It is from Latin ex- + agitō (“to set in motion, stir”). De Vaan lists ⟨agitō⟩ among the derivatives of agō (“to drive, do”), which goes back to Proto-Italic *ag-e/o- and Proto-Indo-European…

It is from Latin ex- + anima (“breath, life”) + -is, “without breath”. De Vaan traces anima and animus to Proto-Italic *anamo- (“breath, spirit”) and Proto-Indo-European *h₂enh₁-mo- (“breath”)…

It is formed from Latin exemplum (“example, pattern”) + -ar, or is the shortened neuter of the adjective exemplāris (“exemplary”). De Vaan lists ⟨exemplum⟩ with emō (“to buy, originally to take”)…

It is formed from Latin ex- (“out, up”) + saltō (“to dance”), the frequentative of saliō (“to jump”); compare exsiliō (“to leap up”). De Vaan derives ⟨saliō⟩ from Proto-Italic *salje- (“to jump”)…

It is inherited from Proto-Italic *eksteros, inherited from Proto-Indo-European *h₁eǵʰsteros, formed from *h₁éǵʰs (“out”) with the contrastive suffix *-teros. De Vaan derives ex (“out of”) from *eks…

It is from Latin ex- (“out”) + terō (“to rub”). De Vaan traces terō to Proto-Italic *tera- and Proto-Indo-European *terh₁- (“to rub”), with the ⟨ī⟩ of the perfect and participle perhaps from…

It is from Latin falx (“sickle”) + -fer (“bearing”), “sickle-bearing”; the TLL explains the second part by ferō (“to carry”). The origin of falx itself is uncertain: de Vaan rejects the old…

It is from Latin fīniō (“to bound, limit; to end”), its perfect passive participle used as an adjective.

It is from Latin flō (“to blow”) + -brum. De Vaan traces flō, with a question mark, to Proto-Indo-European *bhleh1- (“to blow”), perhaps related to fleō (“to weep”).

It is from Latin fluō (“to flow”), probably a singular made from ⟨fluenta⟩, the neuter plural of the present participle fluēns (“flowing”), as Leumann explains it. The verb goes back to Proto-Italic…

It is a frequentative from Latin fluō (“to flow”) + -itō. De Vaan traces fluō to Proto-Italic *flow-e/o- and Proto-Indo-European *bʰleuH- (“to flow over”). Cognate with Ancient Greek φλύω (phlúō…

It is a fusion from Latin fors (“chance”) + an (“whether”), shortened from fors sit an, "it may be chance whether"; compare forsitan. De Vaan traces fors to Proto-Italic *forti- (“luck”) and, with a…

It is formed from Latin frag- + -or, ⟨frag-⟩ being the root of frangō (“to break”). De Vaan traces ⟨frangō⟩ to Proto-Italic *frang- and the nasal present Proto-Indo-European *bʰr-n-ǵ- (“to break”)…

It is from Latin fūcus (“orchil, red dye; rouge”). That noun is from Ancient Greek φῦκος (phûkos, “seaweed, orchil”).

It is inherited from Proto-Italic *folg-os- (“brightness”), from the root of fulgeō (“to flash, shine”). De Vaan explains the zero grade *bʰl̥g-os- as showing that the noun was made from the verb at…

It is from Latin fulmen (“lightning, thunderbolt”) + -eus. De Vaan derives fulmen, from an older form with ⟨-gm-⟩, from fulgō (“to flash, shine”), and calls that derivation certain. The verb goes…

It is from Latin fūmus (“smoke”) + -idus. De Vaan traces fūmus to Proto-Italic *fūmo- and Proto-Indo-European *dʰuh₂-mó- (“smoke, fume”); the long vowel is not what that preform would regularly…

It is borrowed from Ancient Greek γάζα (gáza, “treasure”), a word of Persian origin. Köbler, after Frisk, compares Middle Persian ganj. Mela and Curtius already say that the Persians call the royal…

It is from Latin genus (“kind, race”) + -tim. De Vaan files genus under gignō (“to beget”) and traces it to Proto-Indo-European *ǵenh₁-o/es- (“race, offspring”).

It is inherited from Proto-Italic *genamen, inherited from Proto-Indo-European *ǵénh₁mn̥ (“offspring, seed”), from the root Proto-Indo-European *ǵenh₁- (“to beget”). De Vaan, who lists it among the…

It is an inchoative verb, from Latin gravis (“heavy”), formed with -ēscō. De Vaan lists it among the derivatives of gravis, which goes back to Proto-Italic *gʷra(w)u- and Proto-Indo-European…

It is formed from Latin hālō (“to breathe, exhale”) + -tus. De Vaan reports Schrijver's view that hālō is an early verb from a noun Proto-Italic *anaslo- (“breath”), from Proto-Indo-European…

It is from Latin hāmus (“hook”) + -ātus. De Vaan finds no etymology for hāmus: only Ancient Greek χαμός (khamós, “curved”) and χαβός (khabós) come close, but their variation is unexplained and a…

It is from Latin hauriō (“to draw, drain”) + -tus, an action noun. De Vaan traces hauriō to Proto-Italic *aus-je- and Proto-Indo-European *h₂eus-ie/o- (“to scoop”), comparing Old Norse ausa (“to…

It is from Latin hiō (“to gape”) + -tus, a noun of action. De Vaan traces hiō to Proto-Italic *χi-ā- and Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰh₁i-eh₂- (“to gape, be wide open”). Cognate with Lithuanian žióti (“to…

It is from Latin horreō (“to bristle, shudder”), its present participle, used as an adjective. De Vaan traces horreō to Proto-Italic *χors-ē- (“to be stiff”) and Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰr̥s-eh₁- (“to…

It is a denominative verb from Latin iaculum (“javelin”), itself from iaciō (“to throw”). The verb iaciō goes back to Proto-Italic *jak-i- (“to throw”) and to a root Proto-Indo-European *(H)yeh₁-…

It is formed from Latin ignōrāns, the participle of ignōrō (“not to know”), with -ia. De Vaan lists it among the derivatives of ignōrō and, with Nussbaum, explains that verb from Proto-Italic…

It is from Latin in- (“against”) + laedō (“to strike, hurt”), with the vowel weakened in the compound. De Vaan finds no certain cognates for laedō.

It is from Latin in- + lūstrō (“to illuminate”). Lewis & Short derive it from the adjective illūstris (“bright, famous”). De Vaan lists both words among the derivatives of lūx (“light”), which goes…

It is from Latin in- (“not”) + mēnsus (“measured”), the negated past participle of mētior (“to measure”). De Vaan lists it among the derivatives of mētior, a verb made from a noun Proto-Italic…

It is from Latin in- + misceō (“to mix”). The verb misceō goes back to Proto-Italic *mikskeō and Proto-Indo-European *miḱ-sḱé- (“to mix”). Cognate with Ancient Greek μείγνυμι (meígnumi, “to mix”)…

It is from Latin in- + plectō (“to plait, twine”), also spelled ⟨inp-⟩. plectō goes back to Proto-Indo-European *pleḱ-t-e/o- (“to plait, twine”); it is cognate with Ancient Greek πλέκω (plékō, “to…

It is from Latin in- (“not”) + pūbēs (“adult; manhood”), “not yet adult”. De Vaan, however, takes pūbēs to be an old s-stem; since s-stem adjectives with this ablaut were compounds in…

It is from Latin inānis (“empty”), its neuter, used as a noun. De Vaan finds no certain etymology for ⟨inānis⟩, and notes that “empty, lacking” is recorded before “hollow”.

It is from Latin *incieō, its participle, a compound of in- and cieō (“to set in motion”). De Vaan traces cieō to Proto-Italic *ki-eje-, with the participle *kito- (“stirred”), and to…

It is from Latin in- (“not”) + comitātus (“accompanied”), with the negative prefix. The OLD takes the second part as the participle of comitō, Georges and Wiktionary as that of comitor (“to…

It is from Latin indigeō (“to need”). De Vaan analyses it as ⟨*end-ego-⟩, from endo (“in”) and the root of egeō (“to lack”). He traces that verb to Proto-Italic *egē- (“to lack”) and…

The OLD derives it from Latin īnferius (“lower”), influenced by association with īnferī, the dead. Lewis & Short connect it with ⟨īnferī⟩ directly. De Vaan traces īnferus (“lower”) to Proto-Italic…

1. Used as an adjective, it is the past participle from Latin īnfringō (“to break, weaken”), a compound of in- and frangō (“to break”). 2. The adjective “unbroken” is from Latin in- (“not”) +…

It is from Latin in- (“at, over”) + gemō (“to groan”). The origin of gemō is disputed: most scholars connect it with Ancient Greek γέμω (gémō, “to be full”), but de Vaan finds that semantically hard…

It is from Latin ineō (“to go in, enter”) + -tus, an action noun of the fourth declension. The verb is a compound of in- and eō (“to go”), which goes back to Proto-Indo-European *h₁ei- (“to go”).

It is from Latin in- (“not”) + numerus (“number”), with adjectival -us. The TLL compares innumerābilis. De Vaan traces numerus to Proto-Italic *nomeso- and Proto-Indo-European *nem-e/os-…

It is formed from Latin in- (“not”) + satiō (“to satisfy”) + -bilis. De Vaan derives that verb from the family of satis (“enough”), going back to Proto-Italic *sati- (“satiation”) and…

It is from Latin insatiābilis (“insatiable”) + -ter. The adjective is formed from in- (“not”), satiō (“to satisfy”) and -bilis; de Vaan traces the base satis (“enough”) to Proto-Italic *sati-…

It is formed from Latin in- (“not”) + tāctus, the past participle of tangō (“to touch”). De Vaan traces the participle to Proto-Italic *tagto- and Proto-Indo-European *th₂g-to-, from the root of…

It is from Latin inter- + uterque (“each of two”). For its formation the OLD compares adverbs such as aliās and forās.