Latin words first recorded in the 1st century BC

It is from Latin prō- + crēscō (“to grow”). De Vaan lists it among the derivatives of crēscō, which he traces to Proto-Italic *krē- (“to grow, increase”) and Proto-Indo-European *k(w)reh₁- (“to…

It is from Latin prō- + calcō (“to tread, trample”). That verb is derived from calx (“heel”); de Vaan finds the comparison of the noun with Baltic and Slavic words for parts of the leg, such as…

It is formed from Latin prō- (“forward”) + -cumbō, the nasal form of cubō (“to lie”) used in compounds.

It is a frequentative from Latin prōferō (“to bring forward; to extend; to defer”), made on its participle prōlātus. The TLL compares gestō beside gerō. The participle ⟨lātus⟩ belongs to tollō, and…

It is from Latin prōluō (“to wash forth, flood”) + -iēs. De Vaan treats the verbs in -luō as compounds of lavō (“to wash”), which goes back to Proto-Italic *lowa- and Proto-Indo-European…

It is from Latin properāns (“hurrying”) + -ter, an adverb made from the present participle of the verb “to hurry”. De Vaan lists that verb, properō (“to hurry”), and the adjective properus (“quick”)…

It is from Latin propinquus (“near”) + -ō. The adjective propinquus is made from prope (“near”), which de Vaan, after Dunkel, traces to Proto-Indo-European *própro (“on and on, ever further”), with…

It is from Latin prō (“forth”) + porrō (“further on”), formed like proinde. The OLD calls porrō cognate with Ancient Greek πόρρω (pórrhō, “forwards, far off”); Wiktionary notes that the old Greek…

It is from Latin prō- + rumpō (“to break, burst”). De Vaan derives ⟨rumpō⟩ from the nasal present Proto-Indo-European *Hru-n-p- (“to break”), cognate with Old English rēofan (“to break, tear”).

It is from Latin prō- (“forward”) + trūdō (“to thrust”). trūdō goes back to Proto-Italic *treude/o- and Proto-Indo-European *treud- (“to push, thrust”). De Vaan compares Welsh cythrudd (“to vex”)…

It is from Latin quam (“how”) + libet (“it pleases”). De Vaan traces libet, older ⟨lubet⟩, to Proto-Italic *luf-ē- (“to desire”) and Proto-Indo-European *lubʰ-eh₁- (“to please”), comparing Old High…

It is from Latin quō (“whither”) + libet (“it pleases”). Georges explains it instead as an old dative ⟨quoilibet⟩ of quīlibet (“anyone you like”). De Vaan traces libet to Proto-Italic *lufē- (“to…

It is from Latin rabiēs (“madness, rage”) + -idus, from the verb rabiō (“to rave”). De Vaan finds the origin of ⟨rabiō⟩ uncertain: Schrijver compared Tocharian A rapurñe (“desire”), and the LIV an…

It is from Latin rāmus (“branch”) + -ōsus (“full of”). De Vaan thinks rāmus possibly comes from Proto-Italic *wrā(d)mo-, if it is cognate with rādīx (“root”), and points to a Greek word for branch…

It is formed from Latin ranceō (“to be rotten”) + -idus. De Vaan finds no etymology for the verb, and Etymonline calls it a word of unknown origin. Isidore of Seville explained the adjective by its…

It is a compound from Latin rārus (“loose, thin”) + faciō (“to make”), “to make thin”. Wiktionary takes the first part as the adverb rārē.

It is from Latin rārus (“loose, sparse, rare”) + -ēscō, an inchoative verb. De Vaan counts it among the derivatives of rārus, the opposite of dēnsus (“dense”), whose origin is unclear: a link with…

It is from Latin re- (“back”) + boō (“to bellow”). boō is generally taken from Ancient Greek βοάω (boáō, “to shout”); the TLL says it seems to be drawn from the Greek, and Sacerdos already derived…

It is from Latin re- + clāmō (“to shout”). De Vaan takes clāmō as a verb formed from a noun such as Proto-Italic *klām-o/ā- (“shout(ing)”), from Proto-Indo-European *kl̥h₁-m(o)-.

It is from Latin re- + crēscō (“to grow”). The TLL notes that Italian ricrescere, French recroître, Spanish recrecer and Portuguese recrescer may have been formed afresh in later times rather than…

It is from Latin re- + cubō (“to lie down”).

It is formed from Latin red- + oleō (“to smell”). De Vaan treats oleō under odor (“smell”), tracing the family to Proto-Italic *ode/o- (“to smell”) and Proto-Indo-European *h₃ed- (“to smell”)…

It is formed from Latin re- (“back, again”) + undō (“to surge, rise in waves”), from unda (“wave”). De Vaan derives ⟨unda⟩ from Proto-Italic *udōr and Proto-Indo-European *ud-ōr (“water”), cognate…

It is from Latin re- (“back”) + fulgeō (“to flash, shine”).

It is from Latin re- (“back”) + -fūtō, with the element found also in cōnfūtō (“to check, silence”). The origin of -fūtō is uncertain: de Vaan finds the comparison with Old English bēatan (“to…

It is from Latin rēiciō (“to throw back”) + -tō, a frequentative. The TLL notes that it could also be formed from ⟨re-⟩ and iactō (“to throw”), and that the manuscripts do not allow the two to be…

It is from Latin re- (“back, again”) + mētior (“to measure”). De Vaan explains mētior as made from a noun Proto-Italic *mēti- (“measurement”), Proto-Indo-European *meh1-ti- (“measurement”). Cognate…

It is formed from Latin re- + novō (“to make new”). The verb comes from novus (“new”), which de Vaan traces to Proto-Italic *nowo- and Proto-Indo-European *néwos (“new”), cognate with Sanskrit नव…

It is from Latin repellō (“to drive back”) + -tō, a frequentative. The TLL also allows a formation from re- and pulsō (“to beat, strike”). Its base repellō is a compound of pellō (“to push…

It is from Latin re- + sorbeō (“to suck up, swallow”). De Vaan traces sorbeō to Proto-Italic *sorfeie- and Proto-Indo-European *srobʰ-eie- (“to take sips, slurp”). Cognate with Ancient Greek ῥοφέω…

It is from Latin re- + spuō (“to spit”). De Vaan traces ⟨spuō⟩ to Proto-Italic *spū̆-je/o- (“to spit”) and Proto-Indo-European *sp(i)uH-ie/o- (“to spit”), an imitative formation whose initial sounds…

It is from Latin re- + texō (“to weave”). De Vaan traces texō to Proto-Italic *tekse/o- and, by preference, Proto-Indo-European *teḱ-s- (“to fashion”). Cognate with Sanskrit तक्षति (tákṣati…

It is a contraction of ⟨retrōvorsum⟩, from Latin retrō (“backwards”) + vorsum (“towards”), the old form of the adverb from vertō (“to turn”). De Vaan traces that verb to Proto-Indo-European…

It is from Latin re- + vincō (“to conquer”). De Vaan traces vincō to Proto-Italic *wink- (“to tie, bind; overcome”) and Proto-Indo-European *ui-n-k- (“to bend, tie”), probably the root of vinciō…

It is from Latin re- + vomō (“to vomit”). De Vaan traces vomō to Proto-Italic *weme/o- and Proto-Indo-European *uemh₁- (“to vomit”), a root present that was thematized in Latin. Cognate with Ancient…

The origin is uncertain. De Vaan notes that the compound irrigō (“to irrigate”) is clearly older than ⟨rigō⟩, and reconstructs Proto-Italic *rigā- (“to lead toward”). He considers the root of regō…

It is from Latin rigeō (“to be stiff”) + -or. De Vaan traces rigeō to Proto-Italic *rigē- and Proto-Indo-European *Hriǵ-eh₁- (“to be stretched, be stiff”), a stative verb to a root meaning “to…

It is from Latin rixa (“quarrel, brawl”) + -or. De Vaan thinks rixa may come from an s-present, reconstructing Proto-Indo-European *h₁riḱ-s- (“to break, fight”) with a query and comparing Ancient…

It is from Latin rōs (“dew”) + -ō. De Vaan traces rōs to Proto-Italic *rōs and Proto-Indo-European *h₁rōs (“dew, juice”), comparing Sanskrit रस (rása-, “juice, liquid”) and Lithuanian rasà (“dew”)…

Used as an adjective, it is the present participle from Latin rubeō (“to be red”). De Vaan lists rubeō among the derivatives of ruber (“red”), which he traces to Proto-Italic *ruþro- and…

It is inherited from Proto-Italic *ruðēō, inherited from Proto-Indo-European *h₁rudʰéh₁ti, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁rewdʰ- (“red”); the OLD analyses it as the root of ruber (“red”) with the…

It is from Latin saeta (“bristle”) + -ger, with the second part from gerō (“to carry, bear”). De Vaan traces the noun to Proto-Italic *saitā- and Proto-Indo-European *séh₂i-to- (“cord”) (or…

It is from Latin sē- (“apart”) + iungō (“to join”). De Vaan traces iungō to Proto-Italic *jung-e/o- and the nasal present Proto-Indo-European *(H)iunégti (“to yoke”). Cognate with Ancient Greek…

It is from Latin sentiō (“to feel, perceive”) + -bilis, formed on its participle ⟨sēnsus⟩.

It is from Latin sēnsus (“feeling, sensation”) + -fer (“bearing”). Köbler derives the second part from ferō (“to bear, carry”).

It is from Latin sentiō (“to feel, perceive”) + -ilis, formed on the participle stem ⟨sēns-⟩. De Vaan traces the verb to Proto-Indo-European *snt-ie/o- or *sént-i- (“to notice”), connecting it with…

It is from Latin sepeliō (“to bury”) + -ūra, formed from the participle stem ⟨sepult-⟩. De Vaan traces sepeliō to Proto-Italic *sepel-je/o- (“to bury”) and Proto-Indo-European *sepel-ie/o- (“to…

It is from Latin sequor (“to follow”) + -āx. De Vaan traces sequor to Proto-Italic *sekʷ-e/o- (“to follow”) and Proto-Indo-European *sekʷ-e/o- (“to follow, accompany”), cognate with Sanskrit सचते…

1. The verb meaning “become dry” is formed from Latin serēnus + -ēscō, on the stem, the inchoative suffix. De Vaan lists it under serēnus and takes both words to be built on an unattested stative…

It is from Latin simplex (“simple, single”) + -tās. De Vaan traces ⟨simplex⟩ to Proto-Italic *sm̥-plak- (“simple”), with the prefix Proto-Indo-European *sm̥- (“one”) also seen in semel (“once”) and…

The origin is uncertain. De Vaan reports Leumann's view that it comes from an older verb ⟨*sing-ulāre⟩, with the suffix of other verbs of sound such as sībilō, and is formed like tumultus; since it…

It is from Latin sonō (“to sound”) + -or. De Vaan traces sonō to Proto-Italic *swena- (“to sound”) and Proto-Indo-European *suenH- (“to sound”). Cognate with Old Irish seinnid (“to play an…

It is from Latin spuō (“to spit”), the neuter of its perfect passive participle ⟨spūtus⟩ used as a noun. De Vaan traces spuō back to Proto-Indo-European *sp(i)uH-ie/o- (“to spit”) and the participle…

It is from Latin stēlla (“star”) + -ō. The OLD allows that it may instead be a back-formation from stēllātus (“starry”).

It is from Latin stīlla (“drop”) + cadō (“to fall”) + -ium, “a falling of drops”. Varro already explained it as what falls drop by drop. De Vaan takes stīlla as a diminutive Proto-Italic *stīr-lā-…

In de Vaan's account it is inherited from Proto-Italic *stengʷe/o-, from Proto-Indo-European *stengʷe/o- (“to push, thrust”). He explains the meanings of the compounds from a root meaning “press…

It is formed, on the root, from Latin sternō (“to spread, strew; to lay low”), extended with ⟨-g-⟩, with the ending of caedēs (“slaughter”). De Vaan derives ⟨sternō⟩ from Proto-Italic *sterna- and…

It is from Latin strātus, its neuter, used as a noun, the past participle of sternō (“to spread, strew”). De Vaan traces sternō to Proto-Italic *sterna- and Proto-Indo-European *st(e)r-n-h₃- (“to…

It is from Latin sub- (“under”) + iungō (“to join, yoke”). De Vaan traces iungō to the nasal present Proto-Indo-European *(H)iunégti (“yokes”), cognate with Sanskrit युनज्मि (yunájmi, “I yoke”) and…

It is from Latin sub- (“under”) + ruō (“to fall, cast down”). De Vaan separates ruō (“to rush, fall”), from Proto-Indo-European *h₃reu-e/o- (“to run, hurry”), from ruō (“to dig”), from…