Latin words first recorded in the 1st century BC

It is from Latin tribūtum (“tax, tribute”) + -ārius, from tribuō “to assign”, from tribus “tribe”. De Vaan reconstructs ⟨tribus⟩ as Proto-Italic *triþu- (“tripartite entity”), cognate with Umbrian…

The adjective is from Latin tribus (“tribe”) + -ūtus. De Vaan follows Weiss in tracing tribus to Proto-Italic *triþu- (“tripartite entity”) and Proto-Indo-European *tri-dʰh₁-u- (“tripartite…

It is from Latin trīgintā (“thirty”) + -ēsimus (“-th”), formed, as the OLD notes, in the same way as trīcēnī (“thirty each”). For the parallel vīcēsimus (“twentieth”), spelled ⟨vīkēnsumo-⟩ in an…

It is from Latin trīgintā (“thirty”) + -iēns, built on an earlier form of the numeral. Wiktionary traces trīgintā to Proto-Indo-European *tri(d)ḱomt (“thirty”) and compares Ancient Greek τριάκοντα…

It is from Latin trīcae (“complications, tricks; trifles”) + -or, a deponent verb made from the noun. The origin of trīcae is uncertain: de Vaan compares a Tocharian verb meaning “miss”, while…

It is borrowed from Ancient Greek τριήραρχος (triḗrarkhos, “captain of a trireme”). The Greek word is formed from τριήρης (triḗrēs, “trireme”) and ἄρχω (árkhō, “to be first, rule”).

It is from Latin tripertītus (“divided into three”) + -ō. The adjective, recorded from Varro on, is one of the derivatives that de Vaan lists under pars (“part”), and is made from tri- (“three”) and…

It is from Proto-Italic *tri-podo- (“three-step dance”), literally “three-footed”, made from the words for “three” and “foot” (pēs). The older ⟨o⟩ survives in the verb ⟨tripodāre⟩ of the Arval Hymn…

Used as an adjective, it is the past participle from Latin terō (“to rub”). De Vaan traces the verb to Proto-Italic *tera- (“to rub”) and Proto-Indo-European *terh₁- (“to rub”), and explains the ⟨ī⟩…

It is from Latin triumphus (“triumph”) + -ālis. Wiktionary traces ⟨triumphus⟩ through Etruscan to Ancient Greek θρίαμβος (thríambos, “hymn to Bacchus”).

It is from Latin trivius (“of three roads”), its neuter, from Latin tri- + via (“road”).

It is borrowed from Ancient Greek τροχαῖος (trokhaîos, “running”), a metrical foot named for its quick movement. The Greek word belongs with τρέχω (trékhō, “to run”), which Köbler connects with…

It is from Latin tueor (“to watch over, protect”) + -tiō, formed on the participle tuitus.

It is from Latin tumeō (“to swell”) + -scō, an inchoative. De Vaan traces tumeō to Proto-Indo-European *tum-eh₁- (“to be swelling”), cognate with Lithuanian tumėti (“to become thick”) and Sanskrit…

It is formed from Latin tumeō (“to swell”) + -idus. De Vaan traces tumeō to Proto-Italic *tum-ē- and Proto-Indo-European *tum-eh₁- (“to be swelling”), cognate with Middle Welsh tyfu (“to grow”) and…

It is from Latin turbō (“to disturb, agitate”), its participle, used as an adjective. De Vaan lists turbō among the derivatives of turba (“turmoil, crowd”); he finds the usual connection with…

It is from Latin tūs (“frankincense”) + -bulum. tūs is an adaptation of Ancient Greek θύος (thúos).

It is formed from Latin tūtus (“safe”) + -ō, the adverbial suffix; compare tūtē. De Vaan explains ⟨tūtus⟩ as the old past participle of ⟨tuor⟩, tueor (“to watch over, protect”), from Proto-Italic…

1. It is from Latin tueor (“to watch, protect”) + -tor, formed on the old past participle tūtus, later replaced by tuitus. Georges explains it as contracted from tuitor. 2. The verb is a…

It is borrowed from Ancient Greek τύπος (túpos, “blow, impression, figure”), from τύπτω (túptō, “to strike, beat”). The OLD also gives the Greek spelling typos.

It is borrowed from Ancient Greek τυραννίς (turannís, “absolute rule, tyranny”), and Köbler refers it to tyrannus.

It is borrowed from Ancient Greek Τύριος (Týrios, “Tyrian”), the adjective of the city name Tyrus, Tyre.

It is a contracted form from Latin ūvidus (“wet, moist”). De Vaan notes that the order of attestation suggests a recent contraction, while Weiss allows that ⟨ūdus⟩ is older and ⟨ūvidus⟩ was formed…

It is inherited from Proto-Italic *olenā- (“forearm”), from an n-stem of the Proto-Indo-European word for the elbow, which de Vaan reconstructs as Proto-Indo-European *Heh₃l-én- (“elbow”) or with…

It is formed from Latin ūnus (“one”) + dē (“from”) + vīgintī (“twenty”), literally “one from twenty”. De Vaan lists it, from Cicero on, among the words made from vīgintī, beside duodēvīgintī…

It is from Latin ūniversus (“all together, whole”) + -ē. That adjective is formed from ūnus (“one”) and the participle of vertō (“to turn”). De Vaan cites the Old Latin plural ⟨oiniuorsei⟩ in the…

It is from Latin ūniversus (“all together, whole”) + versus (“turned”) + -tās (from ⟨ūni-⟩ “one”).

It is from Latin urbānus (“of the city”) + -tās. De Vaan derives urbānus from urbs, whose origin is debated; he reports Driessen's derivation from Proto-Italic *worf-(i-) and Proto-Indo-European…

It is the participle of an old frequentative ⟨*ūsitor⟩, from Latin ūtor (“to use”) + -itō. De Vaan traces ūtor to Proto-Italic *oitō, perhaps first “to fetch for oneself”, and possibly to…

It is from Latin ūrō (“to burn”) with the verbal suffix -ulō; the OLD suggests that the ending may follow verbs such as pullulō and ioculor. Georges calls it a diminutive of the verb. Wiktionary…

It is from Latin vacō (“to be empty, free”) + -tiō. Inscriptions have ⟨vocātiō⟩.

It is from Latin vacuus (“empty”) + -tās. De Vaan reconstructs a Proto-Italic adjective ⟨*wako-⟩ “empty”, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁uh₂-ko-, behind vacō and ⟨vacuus⟩, with Umbrian ⟨anter.vakaze⟩…

It is from Latin vānus (“empty”) + -ēscō, an inchoative. De Vaan reconstructs Proto-Italic *wāno- or ⟨*wā̆sno-⟩ for vānus and compares Sanskrit ऊन (ūná-, “empty”). Wiktionary compares the parallel…

The origin is uncertain. The OLD compares vapidus (“flat, of wine”), which Wiktionary derives from vapor (“steam, vapour”); Lewis and Short and Georges likewise connect the noun with that word…

It is from Latin vāstō (“to lay waste”) + -tiō, a noun of action from the verb, which Köbler refers back to the adjective vāstus (“empty, desolate”).

It is formed from Proto-Italic *vectīgo- (“fee for vehicle-driving”), a lost noun, with the suffix -ālis; its neuter, shortened, became the noun vectīgal (“tax, revenue”). De Vaan, following Dunkel…

It is from Latin vēlōx (“swift”) + -ter. De Vaan suggests that vēlōx meant “wind-like”, from an old noun Proto-Indo-European *h₂weh₁-lo- (“wind”) built on the root *h₂weh₁- (“to blow”), which also…

It is from Latin vēnor (“to hunt”) + -bulum, with the suffix of instruments. De Vaan takes vēnor as probably made from an adjective ⟨*wēno-⟩ “hunting” or a noun Proto-Italic *wēnā- (“hunting”), from…

It is from Latin vendō (“to sell”) + -tor. vendō is contracted from a phrase made of vēnum (“sale”) and dō (“to give”), “to give for sale”. Wiktionary traces vēnum to Proto-Indo-European *wes- (“to…

It is from Latin verbum (“word”) + -ōsus. The noun goes back to Proto-Italic *werþo- (“word”), which de Vaan, following Hackstein, analyses as an old compound meaning “making a statement”; its…

It is the univerbation of ⟨vērī similis⟩ “like the truth”, from Latin vērus (“true”) + similis (“like”), with the genitive of the first. Lewis & Short and Lewis prefer the spelling ⟨vērī similis⟩…

It is from Latin versō (“to turn”) + color (“colour”). The OLD takes its first part from the participle of vertō (“to turn”). De Vaan traces color to Proto-Italic *kelōs- (“outside, aspect”) and…

It is from Latin versus (“line, verse”) + -culus, a diminutive. De Vaan lists versus among the derivatives of vertō (“to turn”), from Proto-Indo-European *wert- (“to turn”).

It is from Latin vē- (“not, badly”) + sānus (“sound, healthy”). De Vaan traces sānus to Proto-Italic *sāno- and calls Proto-Indo-European *seh₂-no- a purely mechanical reconstruction; he suggests a…

It is from Latin vexō (“to shake, harass”) + -tiō. De Vaan takes vexō as perhaps an iterative of a participle ⟨*vexus⟩ “moved” of vehō, like flexō, or else as a separate s-present.

It is from Latin vexō (“to harass, ravage”) + -tor. De Vaan explains vexō as an iterative made to an old participle ⟨*vexus⟩ “moved” of vehō (“to carry”), also seen in convexus and dēvexus, or else…

It is the diminutive from Latin vēlum (“sail, cloth”). De Vaan derives ⟨vēlum⟩ from Proto-Italic *wekslo-, perhaps Proto-Indo-European *ueg-slo-, and notes that the diminutive shows a stem with a…

It is from Latin via (“road”) + -tor, or by Wiktionary's analysis from the verb viō (“to travel”), itself from via. De Vaan traces via to Proto-Italic *wijā- (“road”) and Proto-Indo-European…

It is from Latin vigilāns (“watchful”) + -ter, from the present participle of vigilō (“to keep awake, watch”); Köbler traces it to vigil (“awake, watchful”).

It is from Latin vīlla (“country house, farm”) + -ula.

It is formed from Latin vindicō (“to lay claim to; to avenge”) + -tiō.

It is from Latin vīnolentus (“drunk, given to wine”) + -ia. That adjective is one of the derivatives of vīnum (“wine”), which goes back to Proto-Italic *wīno- and Proto-Indo-European *ueih₁-(ō)n…

The origin is disputed. The OLD, Lewis & Short, Köbler and Wiktionary follow Pliny the Elder, who explained it as *vīvipara, from vīvus (“alive”) and pariō (“to give birth”), because the viper was…

It is from Latin virga (“twig, rod; stripe”) + -ātus (“adjective suffix”). The origin of virga is uncertain; de Vaan finds only Germanic words such as Old Norse visk (“wisp”) and Old High German…

It is from Latin virgō (“girl, virgin”) + -tās. De Vaan finds no accepted origin for virgō: Walde and Hofmann took it as a derivative of virga “twig”, and he rejects a proposed compound “young woman”.

It is from Latin viridis (“green”) + -tās.

It is from Latin virīlis (“manly”) + -ter, the adverb of the adjective, which is formed from vir (“man”).

It is from Latin videō (“to see”) + -tiō, built on the participle stem ⟨vīs-⟩. Videō goes back to Proto-Indo-European *weyd- (“to see”).

It is from Latin videō (“to see”), the neuter of its perfect participle, used as a noun. De Vaan traces ⟨videō⟩ to Proto-Italic *wid-ē- (“to see”), from Proto-Indo-European *wid-eh₁- (“to see”).

The origin is uncertain. Walde and Hofmann and Pokorny derive it from Proto-Indo-European *(d)u̯i-tero- (“second, other”), but de Vaan objects that this does not explain the long ⟨ī⟩ and has no…