turbatus

Forms

turbātus, turbāta, turbātum; comparative turbātior^[1][2]

Etymology

It is the participle of turbō (“to disturb, agitate”), used as an adjective.^[1][3][2] De Vaan lists turbō among the derivatives of turba (“turmoil, crowd”); he finds the usual connection with Sanskrit त्वरते (tvarate, “hurries”) very uncertain and suggests instead a link with Ancient Greek στρέφω (stréphō, “to turn”) through Proto-Indo-European *(s)tr̥bʰ-h₂- (“turmoil”).^[4]

Earliest recorded meaning

Köbler dates it from Cicero, who writes of the wishes of the people tossed this way and that.^[5][3]

Semantic evolution

It means in a state of disorder or turmoil, troubled or turbulent, and is the opposite of tranquillus and placidus.^[1][6] Livy and Suetonius use it of a rough sea.^[6][3] Figuratively it is disturbed or confused: Livy has a man confused in eyes and mind, Silius one troubled in spirit, and Seneca says no passion has a more disturbed face than anger.^[3][2] Virgil uses it of an angered Pallas.^[6][3] Church Latin glosses it disturbed, agitated, disordered, confused.^[7]

Timeline

• 81–43 BC – Cicero of the shifting wishes of the people.^[3][5]
• 59 BC–17 AD – Livy of a man confused in eyes and mind.^[3][5]
• 4 BC–65 AD – Seneca the Younger of the face of anger.^[2][5]

Meanings

Adjective

1. In disorder or turmoil, troubled, turbulent; of the sea, rough.^[1][6][2]
2. Disturbed, agitated, confused.^[6][3][7]
3. Angered.^[6][3]

Related words

• turbō
• turba
• perturbātus

References

1. ^ a b c d Glare, P. G. W., ed. (2012), Oxford Latin Dictionary, 2nd ed., Oxford: Oxford University Press
2. ^ a b c d e Conte, Gian Biagio; Pianezzola, Emilio; Ranucci, Giuliano (2010), il Latino: Vocabolario della lingua latina, 3rd ed., Florence: Le Monnier
3. ^ a b c d e f g h i Gaffiot, Félix (2016), Dictionnaire latin-français, new ed. by Gérard Gréco et al. (Gaffiot 2016), online ed.
4. ^ de Vaan, Michiel (2008), Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages, Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series 7, Leiden; Boston: Brill
5. ^ a b c d Köbler, Gerhard (2010), Lateinisches Abkunfts- und Wirkungswörterbuch für Altertum und Mittelalter, online ed., koeblergerhard.de
6. ^ a b c d e f Georges, Karl Ernst (1913–1918), Ausführliches lateinisch-deutsches Handwörterbuch, 8th ed., ed. Heinrich Georges, Hannover; Leipzig: Hahn
7. ^ a b Stelten, Leo F. (1995), Dictionary of Ecclesiastical Latin, Peabody, Mass.: Hendrickson