Latin words first recorded in the 1st century BC

It is from Latin acervō (“to heap up”) + -im according to the OLD; Wiktionary instead analyses it as acervus (“heap, pile”) with the suffix -ātim. De Vaan calls the etymology of that noun uncertain…

It is borrowed from Ancient Greek ἀδαμάντινος (adamántinos, “of adamant, hard as adamant”), though the OLD analyses it as formed from adamās with the suffix -īnus. The Greek adjective is formed from…

It is from Latin adhaereō (“to cling, adhere”) + -tus, a verbal noun. The verb is a compound of haereō (“to stick”), which de Vaan traces to Proto-Italic *χais-ē-; he finds no credible cognates…

It is an inchoative, from Latin aegreō (“to be sick”) + -scō, and that verb is derived from aeger (“sick”). The grammarian Charisius already gave it as an inchoative made from the adjective, noting…

It is from Latin aestus (“heat”) + -fer (“bearing”). The noun aestus belongs with aestās (“summer”), which de Vaan traces to Proto-Italic *aiþ- (“fireplace”) and Proto-Indo-European *h₂(e)idʰ-…

It is borrowed from Ancient Greek αἰθέριος (aithérios, “of the upper air”), from αἰθήρ (aithḗr, “upper air”), the source of aethēr.

It is an inchoative verb, from Latin albeō (“to be white”) + -scō, and albeō is formed from albus (“white”). De Vaan traces albus to Proto-Italic *alfo- (“white”) and Proto-Indo-European *h₂elbʰ-o-…

It is from Latin aliēnus (“belonging to others”) + -genus (“born”). aliēnus is derived from alius (“other”), which goes back to Proto-Italic *al-jo- and Proto-Indo-European *h₂el-io- (“another”).

It is formed from Latin alius (“other”) + quī (“how, in what way”), an old ablative, as if “in some other way”; the TLL takes it from an ablative of ⟨aliud quid⟩ “something else”. The form…

It is from Latin alternus (“alternate”), its ablative plural, used as an adverb; alternus is made from alter (“the other of two”).

It is from Latin amārus (“bitter”) + -or. De Vaan lists it among the derivatives of amārus, whose own origin is unclear; of the comparisons proposed, he finds Sanskrit अम्ल (amlá-, “sour, acid”) and…

It is formed from Latin amplector (“to embrace”) + -tus, the noun suffix. De Vaan explains ⟨amplector⟩ as amb- (“around”) and plectō (“to plait”), from Proto-Italic *plekt- and Proto-Indo-European…

It is formed from Latin arō (“to plough”) + -tor, an agent noun. De Vaan derives arō from Proto-Italic *araje/o-, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂erh₃-ie/o- (“to plough”), with cognates in Ancient Greek…

It is from Latin arbutus (“strawberry tree”), with the neuter gender that, as the grammarian Priscian notes, Latin gave to the fruits of trees whose names are feminine. The tree name itself is of…

It is borrowed from Ancient Greek ἀρτηρία (artēría, “windpipe; artery”). Etymonline relates the Greek word to ἀείρω (aeírō, “to raise”), and Köbler compares αἴρω (aírō, “to lift”) and the root…

It is from Latin articulus (“joint, member”), with the verbal suffix ⟨-ō⟩. Its past participle articulātus is the source of English articulate.

It is formed from Latin ad- (“to”) + scīscō (“to approve, decree”), the inchoative of sciō (“to know”). De Vaan derives ⟨sciō⟩ from Proto-Italic *skije- (“to know”), probably a back-formation from…

It is from Latin ad- + tenuō (“to make thin”), from tenuis (“thin”). De Vaan traces the adjective to Proto-Italic *tn̥(a)u- and Proto-Indo-European *tnh₂-(e)u- (“thin”), the source also of Sanskrit…

It is from Latin augeō (“to increase”) + -men. Wiktionary also sees in it an inherited formation, Proto-Indo-European *h₂éwgmn̥; the TLL compares nouns in Lithuanian, “increment”, and in Sanskrit…

It is from Latin bālō (“to bleat”) + -tus, an action noun of the fourth declension. De Vaan treats bālō as imitative: the rendering of a sheep's bleating wavers between ⟨ā⟩ and ⟨ē⟩ in the…

It is an onomatopoeic word, imitating the sound of a dog. The OLD compares Ancient Greek βαΰζω (baǘzō, “to bark”), and Pokorny puts it with that verb and βαὺ (baù), the Greek “bow-wow”, under a root…

It is from Latin bibō (“to drink”) + -ulus. De Vaan traces bibō to Proto-Italic *pibe/o- and Proto-Indo-European *pi-ph₃-e/o- (“to drink”), a reduplicated present; the initial ⟨b-⟩ is due to…

It is from Latin bi- (“two”) + iugum (“yoke”). The TLL derives it from the noun or from iungō (“to join, yoke”) and compares bīgae (“a two-horse chariot”). De Vaan explains such compounds of a…

The origin is uncertain. Lewis and Short suggest a link with Ancient Greek βράχω (brákhō, “to rattle”). Isidore of Seville, who defines it as the thinnest sheet of gold, connected the name with a…

It is from Latin caecus (“blind”) + -ō. Its base goes back to Proto-Italic *kaiko- and Proto-Indo-European *keh₂i-ko- or *kh₂ei-ko- (“one-eyed”).

It is from Latin candeō (“to shine, be white”) + -scō, an inchoative verb. De Vaan traces candeō to Proto-Italic *kand-ē- (“to shine”) and explains its vowel, unexpected beside a root…

It is from Latin caterva (“band, troop”) + -ātim (“adverbial suffix”). De Vaan follows Rix in reconstructing Proto-Italic *kates-wā- for the noun, and finds no Indo-European root to which it can…

It is inherited from Proto-Italic *kawero-, inherited from Proto-Indo-European *ḱh₁u-er-o- (“northern (wind?)”). Its cognates are Lithuanian šiáurė (“north”), šiū́ras and šiūrùs (“cold, northern”)…

It is borrowed from Ancient Greek κένταυρος (kéntauros, “centaur”), the name of a savage people of Thessaly. The further origin of the Greek word is unclear or disputed. Ancient scholars explained…

It is borrowed from Ancient Greek κιθάρα (kithára, “lyre”); the further origin of the Greek word is unclear. Wiktionary relates the form ⟨citera⟩ to a common wavering between unstressed /er/ and /ar/.

It is from Latin citer (“nearer”) + -ā, with the adverbial ending of suprā and ultrā; the OLD derives it directly from cis (“on this side of”). In de Vaan's account the old series was ⟨cis⟩, ⟨citer⟩…

It is from Latin clāreō (“to be bright”) + -scō, from clārus (“clear, bright”). De Vaan traces clārus to Proto-Italic *klāro- (“loud”) and Proto-Indo-European *klh₁-ro- (“loud, sonorous”); the shift…

It is a frequentative, from Latin coāctus + -tō, made on the past participle of cōgō (“to drive together, compel”).

It is from Latin coeptus (“begun”), the neuter participle of coepī (“I began”) used as a noun. De Vaan explains the verb coepiō as co- with the verb seen in apīscor (“to get, reach”), the perfect…

It is from Latin con- + laedō (“to hurt, strike”), with the vowel weakened in the compound. De Vaan finds no certain cognates for laedō; Etymonline calls it of unknown origin.

It is from Latin con- (“together”) + emō (“to take”), “to take together”. The TLL compares dēmō and dirimō, and the grammarian Eutyches explained it from cōnsūmō and coemō. De Vaan traces emō to…

It is from Latin cōnor (“to try, attempt”) + -men (“noun suffix”). De Vaan reconstructs the verb as Proto-Italic *kōnāje/o- (“to attempt”), perhaps from Proto-Indo-European *ḱōn- (“ascent”), but…

It is borrowed from Ancient Greek κογχύλιον (konkhúlion, “small mussel”), from κόγχη (kónkhē, “mussel”).

It is from Latin con- + dēnsus (“thick, dense”). De Vaan traces dēnsus to Proto-Indo-European *d(ē̆)ns-o- (“thick”), cognate with Ancient Greek δασύς (dasús, “hairy, thick with leaves”), and dates…

It is from Latin cōnfundō (“to pour together, mix, confuse”), its past participle, used as an adjective. ⟨cōnfundō⟩ is con- and fundō (“to pour”), which de Vaan derives from Proto-Indo-European…

It is from Latin congerō (“to bring together, heap up”) + -tus, a fourth-declension noun of action. De Vaan lists congerō among the compounds of gerō (“to carry”), which he traces to Proto-Italic…

It is from Latin cōniciō (“to throw together”) + -tus. cōniciō is a compound of con- and iaciō (“to throw”), which de Vaan traces to Proto-Italic *jak-i- (“to throw”) and Proto-Indo-European…

It is from Latin coniungō (“to join together”), its past participle used as an adjective, from con- and iungō (“to join”), which goes back to Proto-Indo-European *yewg- (“to join, yoke”).

It is formed from Latin con- + surgō (“to rise”). De Vaan lists ⟨surgō⟩, with ⟨cōnsurgō⟩, among the compounds of regō (“to direct”); ⟨surgō⟩ contains sub- (“up from under”). He traces ⟨regō⟩ to…

It is from Latin con- + tangō (“to touch”) + -ēs, formed with the stem ⟨tag-⟩ of the verb. The TLL compares contingō (“to touch”) and contāgiō. De Vaan traces tangō to Proto-Italic *tang-e- and…

It is from Latin con- + terreō (“to frighten”). De Vaan traces terreō to Proto-Italic *tros-eje- (“to scare”) and Proto-Indo-European *tros-eie- (“to make scared”), following the Lexikon der…

It is from Latin con- + trūdō (“to push, thrust”). De Vaan traces the simple verb to Proto-Italic *treude/o- and Proto-Indo-European *treud- (“to push, thrust”), and compares Welsh cythrudd (“to…

It is borrowed from Ancient Greek κῶνος (kônos, “pine cone; cone”). Etymonline gives the Greek word the senses cone, spinning top and pine cone, and calls it perhaps from a root Proto-Indo-European…

It is from Latin con- + vallis (“valley”). Varro and later Cassiodorus explained it as a hollowed valley, from cavus (“hollow”).

It is from Latin conveniō (“to come together; to agree, suit”), its present participle, used as an adjective.

It is borrowed from Ancient Greek κοράλλιον (korállion, “coral”), also κουράλιον (kourálion). The further origin is unknown; Etymonline and Wiktionary consider a Semitic source probable. Pliny the…

It is a compound from Latin cornū (“horn”) + -ger (“bearing”), from gerō (“to carry”). De Vaan traces cornū to Proto-Italic *kornu- (“horn”) and Proto-Indo-European *ḱrn-o- (“horn”).

It is borrowed from Ancient Greek κρόκος (krókos, “saffron, crocus”). Beekes considers the Greek word identical with the Semitic and Sanskrit words for saffron, such as Akkadian kurkanū. Köbler…

It is inherited from Proto-Italic *krusto- (“hardened”), inherited from Proto-Indo-European *krus-to- (“crushed, pounded”). De Vaan connects it with the root *krus- (“to thrust, pound”), since a…

It is from Latin cum + -que, that is, the old relative form ⟨quom⟩ “when” with the particle ⟨-que⟩, which after pronouns and adverbs has a generalising sense. Umbrian has the same formation in…

It is borrowed from Ancient Greek κύκνος (kúknos, “swan”). Köbler tentatively connects the Greek word with Pokorny's root Proto-Indo-European *kan- (“to sound, sing”). Isidore says that the swan…

It is from Latin dēcurrō (“to run down”) + -tus. dēcurrō is a compound of currō “to run”, which de Vaan traces to Proto-Italic *korse/o- and Proto-Indo-European *kr̥s-e/o- (“to run”). Isidore of…

It is from Latin dēficiō (“to fail, desert”) + -tus, a fourth-declension noun of action. dēficiō is a compound of dē- and faciō (“to do, make”).

It is from Latin dēmēns (“out of one's mind”) + -iō.

It is from Latin dēnsus (“thick”) + -eō. De Vaan traces dēnsus to Proto-Indo-European *d(ē̆)ns-o- (“thick”) and dates this verb from Lucretius, beside dēnsō, found from Ennius.