Proto-West Germanic words from Proto-Germanic
456 Proto-West Germanic words with Proto-Germanic in their history, whether borrowed directly or passed on through other languages (page 3).
*full
It is inherited from Proto-Germanic *fullaz (“full”), which Kroonen cites by its stem *fulla-, Orel as *fullaz, and Köbler as *fulla-, *fullaz beside *fulna-, *fulnaz. Kroonen explains the double l…
*furdu
Wiktionary reconstructs *furdu for Proto-West Germanic. It continues inherited from Proto-Germanic *furduz (“ford”), which Kroonen cites by its stem *furdu-, Orel as *furđuz and Köbler as *furdu-…
*fūsti
It is inherited from Proto-Germanic *funstiz (“fist”), as Wiktionary names the ancestor. Kroonen reconstructs it as *funhsti-, Köbler as *fuhsti-, *fusti- or *funhsti-, and Boutkan and Siebinga as…
*ga-
It is inherited from Proto-Germanic *ga- (“co-, together”), and EWA explains the voiced initial of the Proto-Germanic prefix by its weak stress as the unstressed first part of verbal compounds…
*gabulu
It is inherited from Proto-Germanic *gabalō (“fork”) in Köbler's reconstruction, who also writes *gablō; Orel sets up *ʒaƀlaz. EWA finds a counterpart only in Celtic, as in Old Irish gabul (“fork…
*gaburjan
It is inherited from Proto-Germanic *gaburjaną (“to be due; to happen”), which Köbler and Wiktionary analyse as the prefix *ga- with the verb *burjan. Ringe and Taylor reconstruct the simple verb as…
*gadurōn
It is inherited from Proto-Germanic *gadurōną (“to gather”), which Kroonen reconstructs as *gadurōjan-, a verb derived from an adverb *gadur "together". Ringe and Taylor print that adverb as…
*galaubijan
It is inherited from Proto-Germanic *galaubijaną (“to believe”), which Köbler cites as *galaubjan and Orel lists under *lauƀjanan "to believe". Orel derives that verb from the adjective *lauƀaz…
*galīk
It is inherited from Proto-Germanic *galīkaz (“similar”), which Köbler gives as *galeikaz, *galīkaz. EWA analyses Proto-Germanic *ga-līka- as a possessive compound, "having the same shape", with the…
*galīkō
It is inherited from Proto-Germanic *galīkô (“in the same way, similarly”), which Ringe and Taylor write *galīkō̄, with a trimoric final vowel. In final syllables the bimoric *ō became Proto-West…
*gān
It is inherited from Proto-Germanic *gāną (“to go”), which Kroonen cites as *gēn- and Orel as *ʒēnan. Ringe and Taylor take the inherited present stem of Proto-Germanic and Proto-West Germanic to…
*gard
It is inherited from Proto-Germanic *gardaz (“enclosure, yard”), which Kroonen cites by its stem *garda- and Orel as *ʒarđaz.
*garu
Wiktionary reconstructs *garu for Proto-West Germanic. It continues inherited from Proto-Germanic *garwaz (“ready, prepared”), which Kroonen cites as *garwa- and Orel as *ʒarwaz. Ringe and Taylor…
*gaʀd
It is inherited from Proto-Germanic *gazdaz (“goad”), which Kroonen cites by its stem *gazda- "prickle" and Orel as *ʒazđaz. Ringe and Taylor treat it under the development of *z before a coronal…
*gasti
It is inherited from Proto-Germanic *gastiz (“guest”), which Kroonen cites by its stem *gasti- and Orel as *ʒastiz. West Germanic lost word-final *-z after an unstressed syllable, so that the…
*geban
It is inherited from Proto-Germanic *gebaną (“to give”), which Kroonen cites by its stem *geban- and Orel as *ʒeƀanan.
*geld
It is inherited from Proto-Germanic *geldą (“payment, reward”), which Orel cites as *ʒelđan and Köbler as *gelda-, *geldam. Orel relates the noun to the strong verb *ʒelđanan, which Ringe and Taylor…
*geldan
Wiktionary reconstructs *geldan for Proto-West Germanic. It continues inherited from Proto-Germanic *geldaną (“to pay (for)”), which Kroonen cites by its stem *geldan-, Orel as *ʒelđanan and Köbler…
*gernō
It is inherited from Proto-Germanic *gernô (“willingly, eagerly”), which Wiktionary derives from the adjective *gernaz with the suffix *-ô. In West Germanic terms Wiktionary analyses it as the…
*god
It is inherited from Proto-Germanic *gudą (“god”), which Kroonen cites as *guda-, Orel as *ʒuđ(z) and Köbler as *guda-, *gudam, *guþa-. Ringe and Taylor list it with *gulþą "gold" among the words in…
*gōd
It is inherited from Proto-Germanic *gōdaz (“good”), which Kroonen cites by its stem *gōda- and Orel as *ʒōđaz. Ringe and Taylor trace several of its endings from Proto-Germanic: the masculine…
*grādag
Wiktionary reconstructs the adjective *grādag "hungry, greedy" for Proto-West Germanic. It continues inherited from Proto-Germanic *grēdagaz (“hungry, greedy”), which Orel writes *ʒrēđuʒaz and…
*grīpan
It is inherited from Proto-Germanic *grīpaną (“to grasp”), which Kroonen cites by its stem *grīpan-, Orel as *ʒrīpanan and Köbler as *greipan.
*grōan
Wiktionary reconstructs the verb *grōan. It continues inherited from Proto-Germanic *grōaną (“to grow”), which Kroonen cites as *grōan-, Orel as *grōanan and Köbler as *grōan. Ringe and Taylor…
*grōnī
Ringe and Taylor reconstruct *grōnī "green" for Proto-West Germanic, and Wiktionary has the same form. It continues inherited from Proto-Germanic *grōniz (“green”), which Kroonen cites by its stem…
*grōtijan
It is inherited from Proto-Germanic *grōtijaną (“to cause to weep”), which Kroonen cites as *grōtjan-, Orel as *ʒrōtjanan and Köbler as *grōtjan. The Proto-Germanic verb was the causative of…
*habbjan
1. It is inherited from Proto-Germanic *habjaną (“to have, to hold”), whose stem Ringe and Taylor give as *habja- ~ *habai-, and which Kroonen sets up as the stative weak verb *habēn-. In Proto-West…
*haifsti
It is inherited from Proto-Germanic *haifstiz (“conflict”), which Kroonen cites by its stem *haifsti- and EWA as *χai̯fsti-. Köbler sets up *haifsti- beside *haifti- and *haisti-. Casaretto analyses…
*hail
1. It is inherited from Proto-Germanic *hailaz (“healthy, sound”), which Kroonen and Heidermanns cite by its stem *haila-. 2. It is inherited from Proto-Germanic *hailaz (“omen”). For the…
*hailag
Ringe and Taylor reconstruct *hailag for Proto-West Germanic, and Wiktionary has the same form. It continues inherited from Proto-Germanic *hailagaz (“holy”), which Ringe and Taylor give as…
*hailijan
It is inherited from Proto-Germanic *hailijaną (“to heal, to cure”), which Köbler cites as *hailjan. Wiktionary derives the verb from Proto-Germanic *hailaz (“whole, healthy”) with the suffix…
*hait
1. It is inherited from Proto-Germanic *haitaz (“hot”), which Kroonen cites by its stem *haita- and Köbler as *haitaz. Kroonen takes it for an o-grade adjective made to a root that also gave the…
*haitan
Ringe and Taylor reconstruct the infinitive *haitan for Proto-West Germanic, with the past third singular *hehēt, and Wiktionary has the same infinitive. It continues inherited from Proto-Germanic…
*hakkōn
It is inherited from Proto-Germanic *hakkōną (“to hack, to chop”), which Köbler cites as *hakkōn.
*haldan
It is inherited from Proto-Germanic *haldaną (“to keep, to protect”), which Köbler cites as *haldan, and Seebold lists it under a root glossed "to tend". EWA sets up Proto-Germanic *χalđe/a-. In Old…
*halftrijā
It is inherited from Proto-Germanic *halftrō (“halter”), which Köbler also gives as *halftrjō. EWA derives the word with the Proto-Germanic suffix *-tra-, which forms names of instruments, from…
*hallu
It is inherited from Proto-Germanic *hallō (“hall”), which Orel writes *xallō and EWA *χallō-. Ringe and Taylor cite Proto-Northwest Germanic *hallu, which went through *hællu to West Saxon heall…
*halōn
It is inherited from Proto-Germanic *halōną (“to call, to fetch”), which Kroonen cites as *halōn- ~ *hulōn- and Köbler as *halōn, *hulōn, beside a variant *halēn. Boutkan and Siebinga set up…
*hammjan
It is inherited from Proto-Germanic *hamjaną (“to press, to hinder”), which Kroonen cites as *hamjan-, Köbler as *hamjan and Orel as *xam(m)janan. The double m of Wiktionary's form fits the…
*handu
It is inherited from Proto-Germanic *handuz (“hand”), nominative *handuz, accusative *handų, which Kroonen cites by its stem *handu- and EWA as *χandu-. In the northern dialects the stressed *a…
*handulōn
It is inherited from Proto-Germanic *handulōną (“to take in the hand, to grip”), which Ringe and Taylor write *handulō̄ną and set up for Proto-Northwest Germanic, on the evidence of Old Norse…
*hannju
It is inherited from Proto-Germanic *hanjō (“hen”), which Köbler cites as *hanjō and, in his Old English dictionary, also as *hannjō, *hannjōn. EWA explains the word as a formation of appurtenance…
*hār
Wiktionary reconstructs *hār "hair". It continues inherited from Proto-Germanic *hērą (“hair”), which Kroonen cites as *hēra-, Köbler as *hēra-, *hǣra- and EWA as *χēra-. Ringe and Taylor date the…
*harbist
It is inherited from Proto-Germanic *harbistaz (“autumn, harvest”), which Kroonen cites by its stem *harbista-. Kroonen takes it for a formation derived from *harbjan- "to pluck". EWA explains it…
*hari
It is inherited from Proto-Germanic *harjaz (“army”), which Kroonen cites by its stem *harja- and Köbler as *harja-, *harjaz. When unstressed *a was lost at the end of the word, the *j before it…
*hāring
It is inherited from Proto-Germanic *hēringaz (“herring”), which Köbler also cites as *hēringa-, beside *haringa-, *haringaz. EWA explains the Proto-Germanic *χē/aringa- as a derivative in the…
*harpā
It is inherited from Proto-Germanic *harpǭ (“harp”), which Ringe and Taylor give as Proto-Northwest Germanic *harpōn-, EWA as *χarpō(n)- and Köbler as *harpō, *harpōn. In Old English the *a was…
*hasō
It is inherited from Proto-Germanic *hesô (“hare”), which Kroonen cites as *hesan- ~ *hazan-, EWA as *χasan- beside *χazan- and Köbler as *hasō-, *hasan-. EWA explains the alternation of *s and *z…
*haubid
It is inherited from Proto-Germanic *haubidą (“head”), which Ringe and Taylor hold to be certainly the Proto-Germanic form, on the evidence of Gothic 𐌷𐌰𐌿𐌱𐌹𐌸 (haubiþ). Wiktionary calls *haubidą a…
*hauh
It is inherited from Proto-Germanic *hauhaz (“high”), which Kroonen cites by its stem *hauha- and Köbler as *hauha-, *hauhaz. Ringe and Taylor derive the Proto-West Germanic masculine dative…
*hauhī
It is inherited from Proto-Germanic *hauhį̄ (“height”), which Köbler cites as *hauhī-, *hauhīn and EWA as *χau̯χīn-. EWA calls it an abstract noun of quality formed from the adjective, Old High…
*haup
It is inherited from Proto-Germanic *haupaz (“heap, pile”), which Kroonen cites by its stem *haupa- and Köbler as *haupa-, *haupaz. Boutkan and Siebinga label the Proto-Germanic form as Proto-(West)…
*hauʀijan
It is inherited from Proto-Germanic *hauzijaną (“to hear”), which Kroonen cites as *hauzjan- and Köbler as *hauzjan, *hausjan. The two spellings differ over rhotacism: Ringe and Taylor hold that the…
*helan
It is inherited from Proto-Germanic *helaną (“to hide, to conceal”), which Kroonen cites by its stem *helan-, Köbler as *helan and EWA as *χele/a-.
*helpan
It is inherited from Proto-Germanic *helpaną (“to help”), which Kroonen cites by its stem *helpan-, Köbler as *helpan and EWA as *χelpe/a-. Ringe and Taylor give its Proto-Germanic present second…
*hēr
It is inherited from Proto-Germanic *hē₂r (“here”), which EWA writes *χē²r and Düwel, Nedoma and Oehrl *hē₂r. Ringe and Taylor instead reconstruct Proto-Germanic *hir: its vowel was lengthened and…
*hertā
It is inherited from Proto-Germanic *hertô (“heart”), which Ringe and Taylor cite as *hertōn-, Kroonen as *hertōn-, Orel as *xertōn and Köbler as *hertō-, *hertōn. Its Proto-Northwest Germanic…
*hiu dagu
It is inherited from Proto-Germanic *hinō dagō (“on this day”), as Wiktionary reconstructs the Proto-Germanic phrase, from the instrumental of Proto-Germanic *hiz (“this”) and Proto-Germanic *dagaz…
*hlaupan
It is inherited from Proto-Germanic *hlaupaną (“to run, to jump”), which Kroonen cites as *hlaupan- and EWA as *χlau̯pe/a-. In Old English the diphthong *au became ⟨ēa⟩, so that Old English hlēapan…
*hlaþan
It is inherited from Proto-Germanic *hlaþaną (“to load”), which Kroonen cites as *hlaþan- and Köbler as *hlaþan, *hladan. Ringe and Taylor reconstruct the Proto-Germanic present with the second and…