Proto-West Germanic words from Proto-Germanic
456 Proto-West Germanic words with Proto-Germanic in their history, whether borrowed directly or passed on through other languages (page 2).
*dagēn
It is inherited from Proto-Germanic *dagāną (“to dawn”), which Ringe and Taylor reconstruct for Proto-Northwest Germanic with the stems *dagja- (or *dagā-) and *dagai-, continued in Old Norse daga…
*daili
It is inherited from Proto-Germanic *dailiz (“part”), which Kroonen cites by its stem *daili-, Orel as *đailiz and Köbler as *daili-, *dailiz. In Old English the diphthong became *ā, which i-umlaut…
*dailijan
It is inherited from Proto-Germanic *dailijaną (“to divide, to share”), which Kroonen cites as *dailjan-, Köbler as *dailjan and Orel as *đailjanan. Kroonen calls it a factitive verb to the noun…
*dal
It is inherited from Proto-Germanic *dalą (“valley”), which Kroonen cites by its stem *dala-, as a masculine, Orel as *đalaz, a masculine or neuter, and Köbler both as a neuter *dalam and as a…
*daud
It is inherited from Proto-Germanic *daudaz (“dead”), which Kroonen and Heidermanns cite by its stem *dauda- and Orel as *đauđaz. Ringe and Taylor give it as an example of Proto-West Germanic *au…
*dauþu
It is inherited from Proto-Germanic *dauþuz (“death”), which Kroonen cites by its stem *dauþu- and Orel as *đauþaz ~ *đauþuz. Its diphthong *au is one of Ringe and Taylor's examples of Proto-West…
*deup
Wiktionary reconstructs *deup "deep". It continues inherited from Proto-Germanic *deupaz (“deep”), which Kroonen cites as *deupa- and Orel as *đeupaz. Ringe and Taylor note that Proto-West Germanic…
*deuʀ
1. It is inherited from Proto-Germanic *deuzą (“animal”), which Kroonen cites by its stem *deuza- and Köbler as *deuza-, *deuzam. In the northern West Germanic dialects a final *z in monosyllables…
*dīk
Ringe and Taylor reconstruct *dīk "earthwork" for Proto-West Germanic, with a query, and Wiktionary has the same form. It continues inherited from Proto-Germanic *dīkaz (“dike, ditch”), which…
*diurī
It is inherited from Proto-Germanic *diurijaz (“valuable”), which Ringe and Taylor reconstruct for Proto-Northwest Germanic, Kroonen cites by its stem *deurja-, Orel as *đeurjaz and Köbler as…
*dohter
Wiktionary reconstructs *dohter for Proto-West Germanic. It continues inherited from Proto-Germanic *duhtēr (“daughter”), which Kroonen cites as *duhter- and Köbler as *duhter. The o of the…
*dōn
It is inherited from Proto-Germanic *dōną (“to do, to put”), which Kroonen cites as the irregular verb *dōn-, Köbler as *dōn, *dēn, *dǣn, and Boutkan and Siebinga as *dōanaN. Ringe and Taylor hold…
*dor
It is inherited from Proto-Germanic *durą (“gate, single door”), which Kroonen and Köbler cite as *dura- and Orel as *đuran. Kroonen takes it for the original neuter singular, whose dual "double…
*dragan
It is inherited from Proto-Germanic *draganą (“to haul”), which Kroonen cites by its stem *dragan- and Orel as *đraʒanan. Ringe and Taylor reconstruct its Proto-Germanic present third singular as…
*drepan
It is inherited from Proto-Germanic *drepaną (“to hit, to strike”), which Kroonen cites by its stem *drepan-, Orel as *đrepanan and Köbler as *drepan. Kroonen takes the Proto-Germanic strong verb…
*dūnā
Wiktionary calls its origin uncertain and disputed: it takes it, with doubt, as inherited from Proto-Germanic *dūnaz (“accumulation, heap”), or else as a loan from Celtic. Orel sets up…
*dur
It is inherited from Proto-Germanic *durz (“door”), a root noun which Ringe and Taylor and Köbler cite as *dur- and Orel as *đurz. In root nouns stressed *u was lowered to *o in Norse but not in…
*dusīg
Köbler takes it to be inherited from Proto-Germanic *dusigaz (“stunned”), which he also writes *dusiga-. Schaffner reconstructs Proto-Germanic *dusiga- beside *duziga- "foolish, stupid", with…
*ebn
It is inherited from Proto-Germanic *ebnaz (“level, even, equal”), which Kroonen and Heidermanns cite by its stem *ebna- and Orel as *eƀnaz. EWA notes that the root vowel -e- rules out a…
*etan
It is inherited from Proto-Germanic *etaną (“to eat”), which Kroonen cites by its stem *etan- and Orel as *etanan. The Proto-Germanic past plural *ētun "they ate" became Proto-Northwest and…
*fader
It is inherited from Proto-Germanic *fadēr (“father”), which Kroonen cites as *fader- and Orel as *fađēr. Ringe and Taylor count it among the few examples of Proto-Germanic unstressed *ē; the…
*faigī
It is inherited from Proto-Germanic *faigijaz (“fey, doomed to die”). Orel reconstructs the Proto-Germanic adjective as *faiʒaz, Köbler as *faiga- or *faigja-, and Heidermanns as *faiga-…
*failī
It is inherited from Proto-Germanic *failijaz (“true, friendly, good”), which Köbler writes *failja-, *failjaz "familiar, good" and calls of unknown origin. Wiktionary too calls the origin…
*fall
It is inherited from Proto-Germanic *fallaz (“a fall”), a noun to the verb *fallaną "to fall". Orel sets up the noun as *fallan, derived from the verb or a substantivized adjective *fallaz, and EWA…
*fallan
It is inherited from Proto-Germanic *fallaną (“to fall”), which Kroonen cites by its stem *fallan- and Orel as *fallanan. In Old English the vowel was fronted and then broken: *fallan > *fællan >…
*faran
It is inherited from Proto-Germanic *faraną (“to go, to travel”), which Kroonen cites by its stem *faran- and Orel as *faranan. Ringe and Taylor reconstruct the Proto-West Germanic present…
*fardi
It is inherited from Proto-Germanic *fardiz (“journey”), which Kroonen cites by its stem *fardi-, Orel as *farđiz and Köbler as *fardi- or *farþi-. Orel derives it from Proto-Germanic *faraną (“to…
*farh
It is inherited from Proto-Germanic *farhaz (“pig, piglet”), which Kroonen and Köbler cite as *farha-. EWA writes the Proto-Germanic base as *farχ-.
*farn
It is inherited from Proto-Germanic *farnaz (“fern”), which Kroonen cites as a masculine *farna-, Orel as a neuter *farnan, and Köbler as *farna-, *farnaz. Wiktionary gives both a masculine *farnaz…
*fast
It is inherited from Proto-Germanic *fastuz (“firm, fixed”), which Ringe and Taylor write *fastaz, Kroonen *fastu- and Heidermanns *fasta-. Old English fæst and Old Frisian fest show the fronting of…
*fastī
It is inherited from Proto-Germanic *fastuz (“firm, solid”), which Kroonen cites as *fastu-, a u-stem that was remade as a ja-stem in West Germanic. Köbler sets up Proto-Germanic *fasta- and…
*fehtan
It is inherited from Proto-Germanic *fehtaną (“to fight”), which Kroonen cites as *fehtan-, Köbler as *fehtan and EWA as *feχtan-. EWA reconstructs the Proto-Germanic past as *faχt, *fuχtum and the…
*fell
Wiktionary reconstructs *fell for Proto-West Germanic. It continues inherited from Proto-Germanic *fellą (“skin, hide”), which Kroonen cites as *fella- and Orel as *fellan. EWA explains its *-ll-…
*felt
EWA and Köbler set up inherited from Proto-Germanic *feltaz (“felt”): EWA as an old neuter s-stem *feltaz : *filtiz, which would account for the root vowel e in some daughters and i in others, and…
*felu
Wiktionary reconstructs *felu with two uses, as a pronoun "much, a lot (of)" and as an adverb "much, very". It continues inherited from Proto-Germanic *felu (“much”), which Kroonen gives as *felu ~…
*felþu
It is inherited from Proto-Germanic *felþuz (“field”), which Ringe and Taylor write *felþu- and Orel *felþuz; EWA and Köbler set up an a-stem *felþa- instead. Old English feld, early ⟨-felth⟩ in…
*feurþō
It is inherited from Proto-Germanic *fedurþô (“fourth”), which Orel reconstructs as *feđurþōn, derived from the cardinal *feđwōrez, *feđurez "four". Boutkan and Siebinga set up Proto-Germanic…
*feuwar
It is inherited from Proto-Germanic *fedwōr (“four”), for which Köbler also gives *fedur and *fidur, and a West Germanic *fewar. Following Stiles, Ringe and Taylor derive it through an intermediate…
*fimf
It is inherited from Proto-Germanic *fimf (“five”), which Kroonen writes *fimfe and Köbler *femf, *femfe. EWA derives the form *fimf from Proto-Germanic *femf(e). In the northern West Germanic…
*fimftehun
It is inherited from Proto-Germanic *fimftehun (“fifteen”), which EWA writes *fimfteχun. Ringe reconstructs the numerals from thirteen to nineteen as compounds of the units with *-tehun "ten". EWA…
*fimftō
It is inherited from Proto-Germanic *fimftô (“fifth”), which Kroonen and EWA cite as *fimftan- and Ringe as *fimftō-. Kroonen calls it the ordinal belonging to *fimfe "five", whose full-grade root…
*finþan
It is inherited from Proto-Germanic *finþaną (“to find”), which Kroonen cites by its stem *finþan- and Köbler as *fenþan, *finþan. In the northern West Germanic dialects it became *fį̄þan, whence…
*flauh
It is inherited from Proto-Germanic *flauhaz (“flea”), which Köbler also writes *þlauha-. EWA sets up Proto-Germanic *flawχa-, with variant stems in *-an- and *-ō-, and takes the word to mean…
*fleugā
It is inherited from Proto-Germanic *fleugǭ (“fly”), which Kroonen cites as *fleugōn-, Orel as *fl(e)uʒōn and Köbler as *fleugō-, *fleugōn. Kroonen and Orel derive it from the verb Proto-Germanic…
*fleus
It is inherited from Proto-Germanic *fleusaz (“fleece”), which Köbler cites as *fleusa and Kroonen enters as *fleusiz-. Kroonen derives Old English flēos, Middle Dutch and Middle High German vlies…
*fleutan
It is inherited from Proto-Germanic *fleutaną (“to float, to stream”), which Kroonen cites by its stem *fleutan- and Orel as *fleutanan.
*fōgijan
It is inherited from Proto-Germanic *fōgijaną (“to fit or join together”), which Kroonen cites as *fōgjan- and Köbler as *fōgjan. Ringe and Taylor list it among the lexemes found only in West…
*folgēn
It is inherited from Proto-Germanic *fulgāną (“to follow”), which Kroonen cites as *fulgēn-, Orel as *fulʒēnan and Köbler as *fulgēn, *fulgǣn. Ringe and Taylor reconstruct its Proto-Northwest…
*fōlijan
According to EWA, the verb is inherited from Proto-Germanic *fōlijaną (“to feel”), which EWA writes *fōlijan-, Orel *fōljanan and Köbler *fōljan. Boutkan and Siebinga set up *fōljanaN and mark it as…
*folk
Wiktionary reconstructs *folk for Proto-West Germanic. It continues inherited from Proto-Germanic *fulką (“troop, tribe”), which Ringe and Taylor write as Proto-Northwest Germanic *fulką, Orel as…
*forē
It is inherited from Proto-Germanic *furai (“before”), which Orel cites as an adverb *furai. Boutkan and Siebinga set up Proto-Germanic *furē behind Proto-Frisian *fore, and Köbler *fur, *fura.
*fōrijan
It is inherited from Proto-Germanic *fōrijaną (“to lead, to bring”), which Kroonen cites as *fōrjan-, Orel as *fōrjanan, and Fulk as *fōrijanan. Ringe and Taylor trace the Old English verb from…
*fōt
Ringe and Taylor reconstruct *fōt for Proto-West Germanic, and Wiktionary has the same form. It continues inherited from Proto-Germanic *fōts (“foot”), which Kroonen cites as *fōt-, Orel as *fōtz…
*fraleusan
It is inherited from Proto-Germanic *fraleusaną (“to lose”), which Köbler's dictionaries of the daughters cite as *farleusan. Wiktionary analyses it as the prefix *fra- and the verb *leusan. Kroonen…
*fratredan
It is inherited from Proto-Germanic *fratrudaną (“to trample”), which Köbler writes *fartrudan and derives from the prefix *far- and *trudan. Wiktionary analyses the West Germanic verb as *fra- and…
*frī
It is inherited from Proto-Germanic *frijaz (“free”), which Kroonen cites by its stem *fri(j)a- and Köbler as *frīja-, *frījaz. Boutkan and Siebinga set up Proto-Frisian *frī.
*frisk
It is inherited from Proto-Germanic *friskaz (“fresh, unsalted”), which Heidermanns cites by its stem *friska- and Orel as *friskaz. EWA sets up the form as West Germanic *friska-.
*friund
It is inherited from Proto-Germanic *frijōndz (“friend”), which Ringe and Taylor write *frijō̄nd-, Kroonen *fri(j)ōnd- and Orel *frijōndz. Ringe and Taylor, following Luick, posit a change of *ijō̄…
*fuir
It is inherited from Proto-Germanic *fōr (“fire”), which Kroonen reconstructs as a heteroclitic paradigm, nominative *fōr, genitive *funins, dative *fu(w)eni. Ringe and Taylor describe the inherited…
*fūliþu
It is inherited from Proto-Germanic *fūliþō (“rottenness”), the Proto-Germanic noun as Köbler and Fulk reconstruct it; Köbler also gives the variant *fūleþō and refers the noun to the adjective…