*gadurōn

Reconstruction

Wiktionary reconstructs *gadurōn "to gather, to bring together" for Proto-West Germanic.^[1]

Etymology

It is inherited from Proto-Germanic *gadurōną (“to gather”), which Kroonen reconstructs as *gadurōjan-, a verb derived from an adverb *gadur "together".^[2] Ringe and Taylor print that adverb as Proto-West Germanic *gadur "together", continued by Old Frisian gadur and in the Old English compound gadorwist (“companionship”).^[3]

Morphology

A weak verb of class II.^[4][5]

Evidence

The verb is attested in Old English gaderian and Old Frisian gaduria, and later in Middle Low German, Middle Dutch and Middle High German.^[5] Kroonen's evidence likewise is Old English, Old Frisian and Dutch,^[2] and Wiktionary marks the Old Saxon, Old Dutch and Old High German forms as unattested.^[1] In Old Frisian the middle vowel was weakened, giving gaderia, which was syncopated to gadria, while garia lost the -d- between vowels.^[5]

Competing analyses

Kroonen sets the verb up for Proto-Germanic,^[2] while Wiktionary takes it as formed from Proto-West Germanic *gadur (“together, gathered”) + *-ōn in West Germanic.^[1] Boutkan and Siebinga call the Old Frisian verb a denominative formation from gadur, and reconstruct Proto-Frisian *gaduria.^[5]

Meanings

1. to gather, to bring together^[1][2]

Old English also used the verb for "to pluck" and "to heap up",^[6] and Old Frisian for "to add up" and "to agree on".^[7]

Reflexes

• Old English: gaderian (“to join, to assemble, to gather, to pluck”)^[4]
• Old Frisian: gaduria (“to gather, to unite, to add up”)^[7]

References

1. ^ a b c d Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org, p. s.v. *gadurōn
2. ^ a b c d Kroonen, Guus (2013), Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic, Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series 11, Leiden / Boston: Brill, p. 163
3. ^ Ringe, Don; Taylor, Ann (2014), The Development of Old English, A Linguistic History of English II, Oxford: Oxford University Press, p. 252
4. ^ a b Köbler, Gerhard (2014), Altenglisches Wörterbuch, 4th ed., online, koeblergerhard.de/wikiling, p. s.v. gadrian
5. ^ a b c d Boutkan, Dirk; Siebinga, Sjoerd Michiel (2005), Old Frisian Etymological Dictionary, Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series 1, Leiden / Boston: Brill, p. s.v. gaduria
6. ^ Holthausen, Ferdinand (1934), Altenglisches etymologisches Wörterbuch, Heidelberg: Carl Winter, p. s.v. gadrian
7. ^ a b Hofmann, Dietrich; Popkema, Anne Tjerk (2008), Altfriesisches Handwörterbuch, Heidelberg: Carl Winter, p. s.v. gaderia