*full

Reconstruction

Wiktionary reconstructs *full for Proto-West Germanic.^[1]

Etymology

It is inherited from Proto-Germanic *fullaz (“full”),^[2][3] which Kroonen cites by its stem *fulla-, Orel as *fullaz, and Köbler as *fulla-, *fullaz beside *fulna-, *fulnaz.^[2][3][4] Kroonen explains the double l as developed from the cluster -ln-.^[5] Boutkan and Siebinga likewise derive *fullaz from *fuln-.^[6]

Morphology

An adjective,^[2][7] inflected in Old High German as follêr.^[7]

Evidence

The adjective is attested in all the West Germanic languages: Old English full,^[8] Old Frisian ful or fol,^[9] Old Saxon ful, recorded in the Heliand,^[10] Old Dutch fol and Old High German fol, recorded from the 8th century.^[7] In Old Dutch it is found in the Old Low Franconian psalms of the 9th century,^[11] and ONW cites it from Williram's commentary of about 1100 and, as ⟨fúl⟩, from the Middle Franconian Rhyme Bible.^[12] For Old Frisian, van Helten took the o of the Old West Frisian form to be the original vowel, arisen from *u before l, as Boutkan and Siebinga report.^[6] EWA also cites Lombard Lombardic ful- and -fol.^[7]

Competing analyses

Old English full and Old Saxon ful also have a neuter noun "cup".^[13][14] Orel derives the Proto-Germanic noun *fullan "goblet" from the adjective,^[3] while Kroonen treats the noun *fulla- "cup" as an Indo-European word for a vessel, unrelated to the adjective.^[2] Holthausen also connects the Old English noun with words for "basin" and "bowl" in other languages.^[15]

Meanings

1. full^[1]

Old English also used the adjective for "complete, whole",^[8] Old Saxon for "whole",^[10] and Old High German for "perfect", "pregnant" and "laden".^[7]

Derivatives

• *fullijan "to fill", which Wiktionary reconstructs;^[16] Orel's *fulljanan lists Old English fyllan, Old Frisian fella, Old Saxon fullian and Old High German fullen,^[3] and Boutkan and Siebinga take the Old Frisian verb to be most probably a derivative of the adjective.^[17]
• *fullōn "to fill, to fulfil", which Wiktionary reconstructs;^[18] Orel's *fullōjanan lists Old English fullian, Old Frisian fullia, Old Saxon fullon and Old High German follōn.^[3]
• *fullī "fullness", which Wiktionary reconstructs;^[19] Orel's *fullīn lists Old English fyllu and Old High German fullī.^[3]
• Compound adjectives in *-full, such as *mainafull "wicked" and *sorgufull "sorrowful", which Wiktionary reconstructs;^[20][21] Old English has mānful.^[20][8]

Reflexes

• Old English: full (“full, filled, complete, whole”)^[8]
• Old Frisian: ful (“full, complete”)^[9]
• Old Saxon: ful (“full, whole”)^[10]
• Old Dutch: fol (“full”)^[12]
• Old High German: fol (“full, filled, complete, perfect”)^[7]

References

1. ^ a b Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org, p. s.v. *full
2. ^ a b c d Kroonen, Guus (2013), Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic, Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series 11, Leiden / Boston: Brill, p. 159
3. ^ a b c d e f Orel, Vladimir (2003), A Handbook of Germanic Etymology, Leiden / Boston: Brill, p. 118
4. ^ Köbler, Gerhard (2014), Germanisches Wörterbuch, 5th ed., online, koeblergerhard.de/wikiling, p. s.v. *fulla-, *fullaz, *fulna-, *fulnaz
5. ^ Kroonen, Guus (2013), Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic, Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series 11, Leiden / Boston: Brill, p. 23
6. ^ a b Boutkan, Dirk; Siebinga, Sjoerd Michiel (2005), Old Frisian Etymological Dictionary, Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series 1, Leiden / Boston: Brill, p. s.v. ful
7. ^ a b c d e f Lloyd, Albert L.; Springer, Otto; Lühr, Rosemarie, et al. (1988–), Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Althochdeutschen, Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht; online ewa.saw-leipzig.de, p. s.v. fol
8. ^ a b c d Köbler, Gerhard (2014), Altenglisches Wörterbuch, 4th ed., online, koeblergerhard.de/wikiling, p. s.v. full 2
9. ^ a b Hofmann, Dietrich; Popkema, Anne Tjerk (2008), Altfriesisches Handwörterbuch, Heidelberg: Carl Winter, p. s.v. ful
10. ^ a b c Köbler, Gerhard (2014), Altsächsisches Wörterbuch, 5th ed., online, koeblergerhard.de/wikiling, p. s.v. ful 2
11. ^ Köbler, Gerhard, Altniederfränkisches Wörterbuch, online, koeblergerhard.de/wikiling, p. s.v. fol* 1
12. ^ a b Oudnederlands Woordenboek (2009–), Instituut voor de Nederlandse Taal, Leiden; gtb.ivdnt.org, p. s.v. fol
13. ^ Köbler, Gerhard (2014), Altenglisches Wörterbuch, 4th ed., online, koeblergerhard.de/wikiling, p. s.v. full 1
14. ^ Köbler, Gerhard (2014), Altsächsisches Wörterbuch, 5th ed., online, koeblergerhard.de/wikiling, p. s.v. ful* 1
15. ^ Holthausen, Ferdinand (1934), Altenglisches etymologisches Wörterbuch, Heidelberg: Carl Winter, p. s.v. full 1
16. ^ Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org, p. s.v. *fullijan
17. ^ Boutkan, Dirk; Siebinga, Sjoerd Michiel (2005), Old Frisian Etymological Dictionary, Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series 1, Leiden / Boston: Brill, p. s.v. fella 2
18. ^ Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org, p. s.v. *fullōn
19. ^ Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org, p. s.v. *fullī
20. ^ a b Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org, p. s.v. *mainafull
21. ^ Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org, p. s.v. *sorgufull