Proto-West Germanic words from Proto-Germanic
456 Proto-West Germanic words with Proto-Germanic in their history, whether borrowed directly or passed on through other languages (page 4).
*hlid
It is inherited from Proto-Germanic *hlidą (“lid, cover”), which Seebold cites as *hlid-a-m "closure" and Köbler as *hliþa- or *hlida-. EWA traces most of the Germanic forms to *χliđa-, but Old High…
*hlūd
1. It is inherited from Proto-Germanic *hlūdaz (“loud”), which Kroonen cites by its stem *hlūda- and EWA as West Germanic *χlūđa-. 2. It is inherited from Proto-Germanic *hlūdą (“sound”), the…
*holōn
1. It is inherited from Proto-Germanic *halōną (“to call”), which Kroonen sets up with two root vowels as *halōn- ~ *hulōn-, and Köbler as *halōn, *hulōn. Wiktionary derives *holōn from…
*hopōn
It may be inherited from Proto-Germanic *hupōn (“to hope”), a weak verb that Köbler sets up, listing its reflexes only from the West Germanic languages. Holthausen too calls the origin of Old…
*hrainī
It is inherited from Proto-Germanic *hrainiz (“clean, pure”), which Kroonen and Heidermanns cite as the i-stem *hraini- and EWA as *χrai̯ni-. EWA notes that West Germanic, as usual, moved the…
*hramu
It is inherited from Proto-Germanic *hramō (“frame”) according to Wiktionary. Kroonen sets up a masculine *hraman- "frame", EWA *(χ)ram-a/ō-, and Köbler *ramō, without the initial *h-. Kroonen holds…
*hrif
Wiktionary reconstructs *hrif. Ringe and Taylor write the Proto-West Germanic word *hri/ef "womb". It continues inherited from Proto-Germanic *hrefaz (“body, belly”), which Köbler cites as *hrefa-…
*hrōk
It is inherited from Proto-Germanic *hrōkaz (“rook, crow”), which Kroonen reconstructs as *hrōka(n)- "rook, jackdaw" and calls originally onomatopoeic, and Köbler as *hrōka-, *hrōkaz "rook, crow"…
*hrōpan
It is inherited from Proto-Germanic *hrōpaną (“to call, to shout”), which Kroonen cites as *hrōpan-, Boutkan and Siebinga as *hrōpanaN and EWA as *χrōpe/a-. Kroonen and EWA list the strong verb only…
*hrugi
It is inherited from Proto-Germanic *hrugjaz (“back, spine”), which Ringe and Taylor give as a Proto-Northwest Germanic form beside Old Norse hryggr, and which Kroonen and Köbler cite as *hrugja-…
*hund
It is inherited from Proto-Germanic *hundaz (“dog”), which Kroonen cites by its stem *hunda- and Köbler as *hunda-, *hundaz. Boutkan and Siebinga set up a Proto-Frisian *hund from Proto-Germanic…
*hurnutu
It is inherited from Proto-Germanic *hurnuta- (“hornet”), which Kroonen cites as *hurnuta-, *-ō-, masculine and feminine. He takes it for a formation made to the Proto-Indo-European root of Latin…
*hūs
It is inherited from Proto-Germanic *hūsą (“house”), which Orel writes *xūsan and Köbler *hūsa-, *hūsam, and which EWA sets up as *χūsa-.
*hwan
It is inherited from Proto-Germanic *hwan (“when”), which Ringe and Taylor write *hwan(a) "when?", beside Gothic 𐍈𐌰𐌽 (ƕan). Köbler gives the Proto-Germanic adverb as *hwana.
*hwār
It is inherited from Proto-Germanic *hwar (“where”), with a short vowel, as Gothic and Old Norse show. An apparently irregular Proto-West Germanic change lengthened the vowel of this adverb and of…
*hwaʀ
It is inherited from Proto-Germanic *hwaz (“who”), which Kroonen cites by the stem *hwa-. Word-final *-z in monosyllables developed differently in the north and the south of West Germanic: in the…
*hwat
1. It is inherited from Proto-Germanic *hwat (“what”), the neuter of the Indo-European interrogative pronoun, which Kroonen lists under *hwa- "who? what?". In Old English and Old Frisian the vowel…
*hwaþar
It is inherited from Proto-Germanic *hwaþeraz (“which of two?”), which Kroonen cites by its stem *hwaþera-, and Köbler as *hwaþara, *hweþara.
*hwīlu
Wiktionary reconstructs *hwīlu for Proto-West Germanic. It continues inherited from Proto-Germanic *hwīlō (“while, time”), which Kroonen cites as *hwīlō- and Köbler as *hwīlō. Ringe and Taylor show…
*hwīt
It is inherited from Proto-Germanic *hwītaz (“white”), which Kroonen cites as *hwīta- beside a variant *hwitta-, and Köbler as *hwīta-, *hwītaz or *hweita-. Ringe and Taylor give it as an example of…
*ik
It is inherited from Proto-Germanic *ek (“I”), which Kroonen cites as *ek(a) and Orel as *eka. The pronoun had a stressed form *ek and an unstressed *ik, and where both were inherited it was usually…
*īs
Wiktionary reconstructs the noun *īs "ice" for Proto-West Germanic. It continues inherited from Proto-Germanic *īsą (“ice”), which Kroonen writes *isa-, Orel *īsaz and Köbler *īsa-. EWA derives the…
*jagōn
It is inherited from Proto-Germanic *jakkōną (“to hunt”) according to Wiktionary, which derives the Proto-Germanic verb from an earlier paradigm *jakkōþi ~ *jagunanþi. Köbler sets up Germanic *jagōn…
*jār
It is inherited from Proto-Germanic *jērą (“year”), which Kroonen cites by its stem *jēra- and Orel as *jēran. Ringe and Taylor trace it from Proto-Germanic *jērą through Proto-Northwest Germanic…
*jugunþi
It is inherited from Proto-Germanic *jugunþiz (“youth”), which Orel writes *juʒunþiz, Köbler *jugunþi-, *jugunþiz beside *juwunþi-, and Kroonen *ju(w)unþi-. Kroonen and Orel relate it to the…
*jukkjan
It is inherited from Proto-Germanic *jukjaną (“to itch”), which Kroonen cites as *jukjan-, Orel as *jukkjanan, and Köbler, with question marks, as *jukjan or *jukkjan. Kroonen calls it a jan-verb of…
*kaf
Köbler takes it to be inherited from Proto-Germanic *kafa (“pod”), under which he lists the Old English noun ceaf (“chaff”), Middle Low German kaf and Old High German kefa (“husk, pod”); for the Old…
*kamb
It is inherited from Proto-Germanic *kambaz (“comb”), which Kroonen cites as *kamba-, Orel as *kamƀaz, and Köbler as *kamba-, *kambaz or *kemba-, *kembaz. In Old English the vowel was nasalised…
*kannijan
It is inherited from Proto-Germanic *kannijaną (“to make known”), which Kroonen cites as *kannjan-, Orel as *kannjanan and EWA as *kannii̯e/a-. EWA explains it as a causative of the…
*kāsī
It is inherited from Proto-Germanic *kāsijaz (“cheese”), which Kroonen cites as Proto-Northwest Germanic *kāsja-, borrowed from Latin cāseus (“cheese”). Kroonen counts it, beside *baltja- "belt"…
*kaupōn
It is inherited from Proto-Germanic *kaupōną (“to buy, to trade”), which Köbler cites as *kaupōn. Gothic 𐌺𐌰𐌿𐍀𐍉𐌽 (kaupōn, “to trade”) and Old Norse kaupa have the verb too.
*kerban
It is inherited from Proto-Germanic *kerbaną (“to cut”), which Kroonen cites by its stem *kerban-, Orel as *kerƀanan and Köbler as *kerban. In Old English, the present *kerban and the past third…
*keuwan
It is inherited from Proto-Germanic *kewwaną (“to chew”), which Kroonen cites by its stem *kewwan-, Orel as *kewwanan, and EWA as *keu̯u̯(i̯)e/a-. The Proto-West Germanic diphthong *eu was tensed in…
*kind
It is inherited from Proto-Germanic *kinþą (“child”). EWA traces Old High German kind to Proto-Germanic *kenþa-, and Schaffner too takes *kenþa- as secured by the Old High German word. Köbler sets…
*klainī
It is inherited from Proto-Germanic *klainiz (“fine, delicate”), which Orel writes *klainiz and Köbler *klaini-, *klainiz. Boutkan gives Proto-Germanic *klainja- and Proto-Frisian *klēni. Düwel…
*klaiþ
Wiktionary reconstructs *klaiþ for Proto-West Germanic. It continues inherited from Proto-Germanic *klaiþą (“cloth”), which Kroonen cites by its stem *klaiþa-, Köbler as *klaiþa-, *klaiþam, and EWA…
*klappōn
It is inherited from Proto-Germanic *klappōną (“to clap, to strike”), which Köbler gives as *klapōn, *klappōn and EWA as *klap(p)ōi̯e/a-. Wiktionary analyses it as a noun *klapp "a hit, clap" with…
*klimban
It is inherited from Proto-Germanic *klimbaną (“to climb”), which Kroonen cites as *klimman- ~ *klimb/pan- "to clamp; to climb". Ringe and Taylor list it among the noteworthy words of West Germanic…
*kloppōn
It is perhaps inherited from Proto-Germanic *kluppōną, as Wiktionary suggests, relating it to Proto-Germanic *klappōną (“to clap”) and *klipjaną (“to be noisy”). EWA calls it an onomatopoeic verb…
*kol
Wiktionary reconstructs *kol "coal". It continues inherited from Proto-Germanic *kulą (“coal”), which Kroonen cites as *kula- and Orel as *kulan, and EWA sets up *kula(n)-. A neuter a-stem. Kroonen…
*kopp
It is inherited from Proto-Germanic *kuppaz (“round object, vessel, head”), which Orel reconstructs as a masculine noun *kuppaz on the evidence of Old Norse koppr (“cup, small vessel”), Old English…
*kraftu
It is inherited from Proto-Germanic *kraftuz (“strength, power”), which Kroonen cites as the tu-stem *kraftu-, Köbler as *kraftu-, *kraftuz, and Orel as *kraftiz. Wiktionary analyses the noun as…
*krakōn
It is inherited from Proto-Germanic *krak- (“to crack, crackle”), which EWA reconstructs as the weak verb *krakōi̯e/a-. EWA holds the Germanic word group to be certainly onomatopoeic.
*krank
It is inherited from Proto-Germanic *krankaz (“bent, crooked, weak”), which Orel writes *krankaz, Kroonen *kranga- ~ *kranka-, and Heidermanns cites by its stem *kranka-. Kroonen takes it for an…
*krīgan
It is inherited from Proto-Germanic *krīganą (“to be stubborn”), which Kroonen cites as *krīgan- and Köbler as *kreigan?, *krīgan?. Kroonen finds no certain etymology for it. EWA too calls the…
*kuni
It is inherited from Proto-Germanic *kunją (“kin, family, clan”), which Kroonen cites by its stem *kunja-, Orel as *kunjan and Köbler as *kunja-, *kunjam. Fulk explains the form: when final *a was…
*kuning
It is inherited from Proto-Germanic *kuningaz (“headman”), which Ringe and Taylor reconstruct for Proto-Germanic and Proto-Northwest Germanic, Orel as *kuninʒaz and Köbler as *kuninga- beside…
*kunnan
It is inherited from Proto-Germanic *kunnaną (“to know, to be able”), which Kroonen cites by its stem *kunnan- and Köbler as *kunnan. EWA reconstructs the Proto-Germanic present *kann, *kunnum and…
*kwalljā
Köbler takes it to be inherited from Proto-Germanic *kwellōn (“spring, well”), which he also writes *kwellō- and refers to the strong verb *kwellan "to well up". Seebold too lists *kwell-ōn "spring"…
*kweman
It is inherited from Proto-Germanic *kwemaną (“to come”), which Kroonen cites as *kweman- ~ *kuman-, Orel as *kwemanan and Köbler as *kweman. In the northern dialects Proto-West Germanic *e was…
*laggjan
It is inherited from Proto-Germanic *lagjaną (“to lay”), which Kroonen cites by its stem *lagjan- and Orel as *laʒjanan. The geminate is due to the Proto-West Germanic gemination of consonants…
*lagu
It is inherited from Proto-Germanic *laguz (“water, sea”), which Ringe and Taylor set up for Proto-Northwest Germanic on the evidence of Old Norse lǫgr, Kroonen cites by its stem *lagu-, and Orel…
*laidijan
Ringe and Taylor reconstruct *laidijan "to lead" for Proto-West Germanic, and Wiktionary has the same form. It continues inherited from Proto-Germanic *laidijaną (“to make go”), the causative of…
*laiʀijan
It is inherited from Proto-Germanic *laizijaną (“to teach”), which Kroonen cites as *laizjan-, Orel as *laisjanan and Köbler as *laizjan. Kroonen calls it the causative of the preterite-present…
*laistijan
It is inherited from Proto-Germanic *laistijaną (“to follow”), which Orel cites as *laistjanan and Köbler as *laistjan. Wiktionary analyses the verb as *laist "track, footprint" with the suffix…
*land
It is inherited from Proto-Germanic *landą (“land”), which Kroonen cites as *landa-, Orel as *lanđan, and Köbler as *landa-, *landam.
*landaskapi
It is inherited from Proto-Germanic *landaskapiz (“landscape, region, area”), as Wiktionary derives it, equivalent to *land (“land”) and *-skapi. Köbler refers each of the attested words to the word…
*lang
It is inherited from Proto-Germanic *langaz (“long”), which Kroonen cites by its stem *langa-, Orel as *lanʒaz and Köbler as *langa-, *langaz. In the northern West Germanic dialects the stressed…
*langatīn
Holthausen and EWA take it as formed from Proto-Germanic *langaz (“long”) + *tīnaz (“day”). Holthausen connects it with Old English lang (“long”), for the lengthening of the days, and matches its…
*lātan
It is inherited from Proto-Germanic *lētaną (“to let go, to allow”), which Kroonen cites by its stem *lētan- and Orel as *lētanan. The stressed *ē of Proto-Germanic became *ā in Proto-Northwest…