*hari

Reconstruction

Ringe and Taylor reconstruct *hari for Proto-West Germanic,^[1] and Wiktionary has the same form.^[2]

Etymology

It is inherited from Proto-Germanic *harjaz (“army”),^[1][3] which Kroonen cites by its stem *harja- and Köbler as *harja-, *harjaz.^[3][4] When unstressed *a was lost at the end of the word, the *j before it became syllabic *i.^[1][5] Because *r did not undergo gemination in Proto-West Germanic, the genitive singular was *harjas.^[6] In Old English the form went through *hæri to Old English here.^[7][8]

Morphology

A masculine ja-stem.^[9][10] Ringe and Taylor's Proto-West Germanic paradigm has the singular *hari (nominative and accusative), *harjas, *harjē, *harju (instrumental), and the plural *harjō (nominative, uncertain), *harją̄ (accusative, uncertain), *harjō, *harjum (dative-instrumental).^[9] Old High German has both a neuter and a masculine.^[11] EWA takes the masculine for the original gender,^[11] and Kroonen also finds the masculine forms older, the neuter being analysable as an old collective.^[3]

Evidence

The noun is attested in Old English here, Old Frisian here, Old Saxon heri and Old High German heri.^[8] Old English -heri is found in many names in Bede's Latin text and in the Liber Vitae.^[12] Old Dutch has here in Williram's commentary of 1100 and in the Middle Franconian Rhyme Bible.^[13] EWA lists a pre-Old Saxon runic ⟨hari⟩, perhaps an accusative singular, on the Weser rune bone of the 5th century, and the pre-Old High German woman's name ⟨Haribrig⟩ on the pair of bow brooches of Weimar, about 550.^[11] Düwel, Nedoma and Oehrl take Haribrig on the Weimar brooch for the person given the gift.^[14]

Among the Malberg glosses, van Helten finds Kern's suggestion attractive that the gloss for "the bull that leads the herd", ⟨charohitum⟩, ⟨chariocito⟩, ⟨cherecheto⟩, is a term of the army formed from *hari "host" and *heto "leader".^[15] Gamillscheg's Romania Germanica indexes Frankish hari.^[16]

Meanings

1. army^[1][2]

Old English also used the word for "troop, crowd, battle, war, devastation",^[17] Old Saxon for "crowd, people",^[10] and Old High German for "military expedition, armed band, crowd".^[11]

Derivatives

• *harjōn "to overrun with an army, to ravage", which Wiktionary reconstructs;^[18] the verb is attested as Old English hergian (“to plunder, to lay waste”),^[19] Old Saxon herion (“to plunder”),^[20] Old Dutch herron (“to lay waste”)^[21] and Old High German heriōn.^[22]

Reflexes

• Old English: here (“army, troop, crowd, battle, war”)^[17]
• Old Frisian: here (“army”)^[23]
• Old Saxon: heri (“crowd, people, army”)^[10]
• Old Dutch: heri (“army”)^[13]
• Old High German: heri (“army, military expedition, armed band, crowd”)^[11]

References

1. ^ a b c d Ringe, Don; Taylor, Ann (2014), The Development of Old English, A Linguistic History of English II, Oxford: Oxford University Press, p. 46
2. ^ a b Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org, p. s.v. *hari
3. ^ a b c Kroonen, Guus (2013), Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic, Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series 11, Leiden / Boston: Brill, p. 211
4. ^ Köbler, Gerhard (2014), Germanisches Wörterbuch, 5th ed., online, koeblergerhard.de/wikiling, p. s.v. *harja-
5. ^ Fulk, R. D. (2018), A Comparative Grammar of the Early Germanic Languages, Studies in Germanic Linguistics 3, Amsterdam / Philadelphia: John Benjamins
6. ^ Ringe, Don; Taylor, Ann (2014), The Development of Old English, A Linguistic History of English II, Oxford: Oxford University Press, p. 52
7. ^ Ringe, Don; Taylor, Ann (2014), The Development of Old English, A Linguistic History of English II, Oxford: Oxford University Press, p. 181
8. ^ a b Ringe, Don; Taylor, Ann (2014), The Development of Old English, A Linguistic History of English II, Oxford: Oxford University Press, p. 237
9. ^ a b Ringe, Don; Taylor, Ann (2014), The Development of Old English, A Linguistic History of English II, Oxford: Oxford University Press, p. 114
10. ^ a b c Tiefenbach, Heinrich (2010), Altsächsisches Handwörterbuch / A Concise Old Saxon Dictionary, Berlin / New York: De Gruyter, p. s.v. heri
11. ^ a b c d e Lloyd, Albert L.; Springer, Otto; Lühr, Rosemarie, et al. (1988–), Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Althochdeutschen, Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht; online ewa.saw-leipzig.de, p. s.v. heri
12. ^ Ringe, Don; Taylor, Ann (2014), The Development of Old English, A Linguistic History of English II, Oxford: Oxford University Press, p. 334
13. ^ a b Oudnederlands Woordenboek (2009–), Instituut voor de Nederlandse Taal, Leiden; gtb.ivdnt.org, p. s.v. heri
14. ^ Düwel, Klaus; Nedoma, Robert; Oehrl, Sigmund (2020), Die südgermanischen Runeninschriften, 2 vols, Ergänzungsbände zum Reallexikon der Germanischen Altertumskunde 119, Berlin / Boston: De Gruyter, p. SG-125
15. ^ van Helten, Willem Lodewijk (1900), Zu den malbergischen Glossen und den salfränkischen Formeln und Lehnwörtern der Lex Salica, Beiträge zur Geschichte der deutschen Sprache und Literatur 25, 225–542, p. 287
16. ^ Gamillscheg, Ernst (1970), Romania Germanica: Sprach- und Siedlungsgeschichte der Germanen auf dem Boden des alten Römerreichs, vol. 1: Zu den ältesten Berührungen zwischen Römern und Germanen. Die Franken, 2nd ed., Berlin: de Gruyter, p. 447
17. ^ a b Holthausen, Ferdinand (1934), Altenglisches etymologisches Wörterbuch, Heidelberg: Carl Winter, p. s.v. here
18. ^ Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org, p. s.v. *harjōn
19. ^ Holthausen, Ferdinand (1934), Altenglisches etymologisches Wörterbuch, Heidelberg: Carl Winter, p. s.v. hergian
20. ^ Tiefenbach, Heinrich (2010), Altsächsisches Handwörterbuch / A Concise Old Saxon Dictionary, Berlin / New York: De Gruyter, p. s.v. herion
21. ^ Köbler, Gerhard, Altniederfränkisches Wörterbuch, online, koeblergerhard.de/wikiling, p. s.v. herron
22. ^ Lloyd, Albert L.; Springer, Otto; Lühr, Rosemarie, et al. (1988–), Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Althochdeutschen, Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht; online ewa.saw-leipzig.de, p. s.v. heriôn
23. ^ Köbler, Gerhard (2014), Altfriesisches Wörterbuch, 4th ed., online, koeblergerhard.de/wikiling, p. s.v. here