English words first recorded in the 13th century

It is borrowed from Old French passage (“mountain pass, passage”), from passer (“to go by”) (see pass) and -age, from Vulgar Latin *passo, from Latin passus (“step, pace”), from PIE…

It is inherited from Middle English pacience, borrowed from Old French patience, pacience, from Latin patientia (“the quality of suffering or enduring; submission”), from patiens, the present…

It is inherited from Middle English pavilon, also pavilun and paviloun, borrowed from Anglo-Norman pavillioun, also paviloun and pavelion, and Old French paveillon, also pavillon, which meant a…

It is borrowed from Old French perfection (“perfection, completeness”) (12th century), from Latin perfectiō, a finishing, completing, from perficiō, to complete (see perfect).

It is inherited from Middle English peril, borrowed from Anglo-Norman peril and peril (“danger, risk”), from Latin perīculum (“test, trial, experiment; risk, danger”), also contracted perīclum. The…

It is inherited from Middle English persone, also persoun, borrowed from Anglo-Norman parsone and Old French persone (“human being”), and directly borrowed from Latin persōna (“mask worn by an…

1. The verb is inherited from Middle English picken (“to peck”), later piken, probably inherited from Old English *pīcian (“to prick”), implied by pīcung “a pricking”, fused with Old Norse pikka…

It is inherited from Middle English pigge, probably from Old English *picga, *pigga, found in compounds, perhaps the first element of Old English picbrēd, acorn, literally pig-bread; like dog, its…

It is borrowed from Old French pité, pitié, compassion, mercy (modern pitié), from Latin pietās (“piety, dutifulness”) (see piety), from pius, pious. In later Latin pietās took on the sense of…

1. The verb meaning to gaze or study is inherited from Middle English pouren, also puren and pore, a word of uncertain or unknown origin with no obvious counterpart in Old French. The MED, Barnhart…

It is inherited from Middle English preisen, praisen, borrowed from Old French preisier (“to value, prize, praise”), a variant of prisier, from Late Latin pretiō (“to value, prize”) (later spelled…

It is inherited from Middle English preien, borrowed from Old French preier (modern French prier), from Vulgar Latin *precō, an alteration of precor (“to ask earnestly, beg, entreat”), from prex…

It is inherited from Middle English prechen, borrowed from Old French preechier, also prechier, with the Anglo-Norman forms preecher and precher, from Latin praedicō (“to proclaim publicly…

It is inherited from Middle English prechour, borrowed from Anglo-Norman precheour, also prechur and precher, and Old French precheor, modern prêcheur, from Ecclesiastical Latin praedicātor…

1. The verb is inherited from Middle English pressen, borrowed from Old French presser (“to squeeze, press upon; torture”), also directly from Latin pressō (“to press”), a frequentative of premō…

It is borrowed from Old French preie (“booty, an animal taken in the chase”) (modern proie), from Latin praeda (“booty, plunder, game”), usually taken as a contraction of *praehēda, from prae…

It is inherited from Middle English prive, borrowed from Anglo-Norman prevé and Old French privé (“intimate, familiar; private; secret”), from Latin prīvātus (“private, personal”), from prīvus…

It is inherited from Middle English prophecie, also prophesie, borrowed from Old French prophecie, also profecie and prophetie, and partly directly borrowed from Late Latin prophētīa, from Ancient…

It is inherited from Middle English purte, later purete and puryte, borrowed from Old French purté (“freedom from moral pollution”), from Late Latin pūritās (“cleanness, pureness”), from Latin pūrus…

It is inherited from Middle English recoilen, also reculen and recuilen, borrowed from Anglo-Norman recuiler, Old French reculer (“to go back, retreat, give ground; to drive back”), formed from re-…

It is inherited from Middle English regne, reyne, borrowed from Old French reigne (“kingdom, land”), from Latin rēgnum (“kingship, dominion, realm”), related to regere, to rule, and rēx, king (see…

It is inherited from Middle English relik, also relike and relique, borrowed from Anglo-Norman relike, Old French relique, a word for the physical remains of a saint or martyr, recorded in Old…

It is inherited from Middle English remedie, borrowed from Anglo-Norman remedie, a variant of Old French remede (modern remède), and partly directly borrowed from Latin remedium (“medicine, cure…

It is inherited from Middle English remissioun, also remissiun, borrowed from Anglo-Norman remissiun and Old French remission, and directly borrowed from Latin remissiō (“a sending back; relaxation…

It is inherited from Middle English rivere, borrowed from Anglo-Norman rivere, Old French riviere “river, riverside, river bank”, from Vulgar Latin *rīpāria (“riverbank, seashore, river”), the noun…

It is inherited from Middle English robe, borrowed from Old French robe, also robbe and roube, a narrowed use of Old French robe, "booty, spoils of war", in Anglo-Norman especially clothing taken as…

1. The word for a crowd, and later for a defeat, is inherited from Middle English route, also rute, borrowed from Anglo-Norman rute, route, which the Anglo-Norman texts use from the early 12th…

It is borrowed from Middle French scandale, from Late Latin scandalum (“cause of offence, stumbling block, temptation”), from Greek σκάνδαλον (skándalon, “a stumbling block; a snare laid for an…

It is inherited from Middle English scorpioun, early scorpiun, borrowed from Old French scorpion, also escorpiun and Anglo-Norman scorpiun, and directly borrowed from Latin scorpiō (“scorpion”), an…

It is inherited from Middle English scrapen, probably borrowed from Old Norse skrapa (“to scrape, erase”), the source of Swedish skrapa and Danish skrabe. The Norse verb is cognate with Old English…

It is inherited from Middle English shoderen, also schuderen, probably borrowed from Middle Low German schōderen or schūderen in Middle Dutch, frequentative verbs from a Germanic base meaning "to…

It is inherited from Middle English silence, borrowed from Old French silence, from Latin silentium (“a being silent”), from silēns, present participle of sileō “to be quiet or still”, a word of…

It is inherited from Middle English sleper, formed from Middle English slepen (“to sleep”) + -er, that is, from sleep with the agent suffix -er. Etymonline traces it to Old English slǣpere (“one who…

It is formed from English sleep + -y; Middle English had slepi, also spelled slepe. Etymonline suggests that it may continue an unrecorded Old English *slæpig, noting that Old English had slæpor and…

1. The verb is inherited from Middle English slingen, probably borrowed from Old Norse slyngva (“to throw, sling”), from Proto-Germanic *slingwaną. Related forms are Old High German slingan, Middle…

It is inherited from Middle English spice, borrowed from Anglo-Norman spece and Old French espice with its first syllable dropped (modern French épice), from Late Latin speciēs (“spices, goods…

It is inherited from Middle English squier, borrowed from Old French esquier, escuier (“squire, literally shield-bearer”), from Late Latin scūtārius (“shield-bearer; guardsman”), from Latin scūtum…

1. It is inherited from Middle English stable, borrowed from Old French estable (“stable, stall, pigsty”), from Latin stabulum (“stall, fold”), literally “a standing place”, from stō “to stand”…

It is inherited from Middle English strif, borrowed from Old French estrif (“fight, combat; dispute, quarrel”), also Anglo-Norman estreif. The Anglo-Norman noun is recorded from about 1136, with…

It is inherited from Middle English striven, borrowed from Old French estriver (“to quarrel, dispute, contend”), which the OED records as still surviving in some French dialects as étriver. The…

It is inherited from Middle English suffren, borrowed from Anglo-Norman suffrir and Old French sofrir, from Vulgar Latin *sufferiō, from Latin sufferō (“to bear, undergo, endure”), from sub- “under”…

It is inherited from Middle English trecherie, also tricherie, borrowed from Old French trecherie, also tricherie (“deceit, cheating, trickery”) (12th century), from trechier, trichier (“to cheat…

It is inherited from Middle English treison, borrowed from Anglo-Norman treisoun (also tresun), matching Old French traïson (modern French trahison), from Latin trāditiō (“a handing over…

The verb is inherited from Middle English trussen, borrowed from Anglo-Norman trusser and Old French trusser, torser, later trousser, recorded in Old French in the “Chanson de Roland” (11th century)…

It is inherited from Middle English upholden, also uphalden, formed from English up- + hold. Etymonline treats the first part as the adverb up. hold is from Old English healdan. Similar formations…

It is inherited from Middle English veile, borrowed from Anglo-Norman veil, also veile and vail, a northern form of Old French voile (modern French voile). In part the word also comes from…

It is inherited from Middle English vertu, borrowed from Anglo-Norman vertu and Old French vertu (“force, strength, moral strength”), from Latin virtūs (“moral strength, manliness, valour…

It is inherited from Middle English wardein, also wardain and warden, borrowed from Anglo-Norman wardein, also used in north-eastern France, a variant of Old French gardein or guarden (“guardian”)…

It is inherited from Middle English warant, borrowed from Old French warant (“defender; surety; justifying evidence”), the Old North French form of Old French guarant, garant, from Frankish *warand…

It is inherited from Middle English whennes, also spelled whannes, formed from Middle English whenne (“from what place”) + -es (“adverbial genitive ending”), the ending also seen in hence and…

It is inherited from Middle English wiket, borrowed from Anglo-Norman wiket, from Old Northern French wiket, the northern form of Old French guichet, whence French guichet (“ticket window”); compare…

It is inherited from Middle English wigelen, also wiglen, probably borrowed from Middle Low German wiggelen (“to totter, reel”) or from Middle Dutch wighelen. Barnhart and the MED call the borrowing…

It is borrowed from Middle Dutch vracht or Middle Low German vrecht, a variant, probably from an unrecorded Old Frisian word cognate with Old High German frēht, earnings, from the base of Gothic…

It is inherited from Middle English gingebred, also gingebras and gingebrat, borrowed from Anglo-Norman gyngebraz and Old French gingembras, also gingembrat (“preserved ginger”), from Medieval Latin…

1. The fish is inherited from Middle English lenge, later ling. The Oxford dictionaries think it probably of Dutch or Low German origin, comparing earlier Dutch lenghe and linghe, now leng, while…

1. The bag is borrowed from Old Northern French poke, also poque, a regional variant of Old French poche (“pocket”), the source of pouch. The OED records the northern forms, with pouque, from 1275…

The verb is borrowed from Old French estraier (“to wander, roam; of a horse, to run loose without a rider”), with its first syllable dropped, the verb also behind astray. The noun is stray, estrai…

It is borrowed from Anglo-Norman bascat, Anglo-Latin baskettum, a word of obscure or uncertain origin. Barnhart compares Old French baschoe, a wooden or wicker container, and Gascon bascojo, all…

It is inherited from Middle English abbeye, borrowed from Anglo-Norman abbeie (Old French abaïe), from Late Latin abbātia (“abbacy”), from abbās (“abbot”) (see abbot).

It is inherited from Middle English aqueintaunce, also acointance, borrowed from Anglo-Norman aquaintaunce, also aqueintance, and Old French acointance (“a meeting; friendship, familiarity”), a noun…