river

Pronunciation

• IPA: UK /ˈrɪv.ə/, US /ˈrɪv.ɚ/^[1]

Etymology

It is inherited from Middle English rivere,^[2][3] borrowed from Anglo-Norman rivere, Old French riviere “river, riverside, river bank”,^[2][3] from Vulgar Latin *rīpāria (“riverbank, seashore, river”),^[2][3][4] the noun use of the feminine of Latin rīpārius (“of a riverbank”),^[2][4] from rīpa (“steep bank of a river, shore”).^[3][4] Barnhart relates rīpa to Greek ereípein “to plunge down” and a root Proto-Indo-European *reip-,^[3] and Merriam-Webster also notes the Greek word as perhaps akin.^[5] The Old English word for a river was ēa, cognate with Latin aqua.^[2] Old French riviere is also the source of Dutch rivier and German Revier “district”.^[3] Latin rīpārius also gave riparian, and the Italian riviera keeps the old sense “bank, coast”.^[6][7]

Earliest recorded meaning

A large stream of water flowing in a channel: early 13th century,^[2] probably about 1225 in King Horn,^[3] and earlier as the surname Rivere (1200).^[3]

Semantic evolution

The Romance cognates mostly keep the sense “river bank” or the Latin secondary sense “coast of the sea”, while English took only the stream.^[2] A river as a place for hawking is from about 1330,^[8] and a copious flow of anything, also figurative, from the late 14th century.^[2][8] In printing a river is a streak of white space running down a page through several lines, by 1898.^[2][8] Sell down the river, from 1836 in American English, first referred to slaves sold to the harsher plantations of the lower Mississippi;^[2][9] the sense “to betray” came only in the 1920s.^[9] Up the river, “in prison”, from 1891, is said to refer originally to a prison up the Hudson River from New York City.^[2][9]

Timeline

• 1200 – the surname Rivere.^[3]
• c. 1225 – a large stream.^[3]
• c. 1330 – a river as a place for hawking.^[8]
• late 14th century – a copious flow of anything.^[2]
• 1565 – riverbank.^[3]
• 1836 – sell down the river.^[2]
• 1891 – up the river, in prison.^[2]
• 1898 – in printing, a streak of white space.^[2][8]

Modern meaning

Noun

1. A large natural stream of water flowing in a channel into the sea, a lake or another river.
2. An abundant flow of something: a river of lava.
3. (printing) A streak of white space running down through several lines of text.

Word family

• riverless
• riverlike

Related words

• riparian
• riviera
• arrive
• rival
• rive

Usage notes

A separate, now archaic and dialect river, “one who rives or splits”, is formed from rive.^[10][8]

References

1. ^ Jones, Daniel (2011), Cambridge English Pronouncing Dictionary, 18th ed., ed. Peter Roach, Jane Setter and John Esling, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Harper, Douglas. Online Etymology Dictionary, https://www.etymonline.com
3. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Barnhart, Robert K. (1988), The Barnhart Dictionary of Etymology
4. ^ a b c The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language (2000), 4th ed., Boston: Houghton Mifflin
5. ^ Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary (2003), 11th ed., Springfield, Mass.: Merriam-Webster
6. ^ Hoad, T. F., ed. (1986), The Concise Oxford Dictionary of English Etymology, Oxford: Clarendon Press
7. ^ Klein, Ernest. A Comprehensive Etymological Dictionary of the English Language. 2 vols. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 1966–1967.
8. ^ a b c d e f Simpson, J. A.; Weiner, E. S. C., eds. (1989), The Oxford English Dictionary, 2nd ed., Oxford: Clarendon Press
9. ^ a b c Cresswell, Julia (2021), Oxford Dictionary of Word Origins, 3rd ed., Oxford: Oxford University Press
10. ^ Shorter Oxford English Dictionary on Historical Principles (2002), 5th ed., ed. William R. Trumble and Angus Stevenson, Oxford: Oxford University Press