Etymology and origin of the Romanian word înrăutăți
- Confidence
- Established
- Formation
- Derivation
- First attested
- 1776 the participle înrăotățat in a Menaion More words from the 18th century
- Ultimate origin
- Romanian în-,răutate
Forms
înrăutăți (third-person singular present înrăutățește, past participle înrăutățit), 4th conjugation[1] An older form with ⟨ao⟩, înrăotăți, and a first-conjugation variant înrăotăța are recorded.[2][3] A Menaion of 1776 has the participle înrăotățat: „Sufletul... cel înrăotățat de păcate” “the soul ... made wicked by sins”.[3]
Etymology
It is formed from Romanian în- + răutate (“wickedness”) (the noun of rău “bad”).[4][2][3][1] Tiktin compares the unprefixed verb răutăți.[5]
Earliest recorded meaning
The oldest records in the DA are participles used as adjectives with the sense “made wicked, spiteful”: înrăotățit in a collection of moral sayings (Pilde filosofești) and înrăotățat in a Menaion of 1776, where a soul is înrăotățat de păcate “made wicked by sins”.[3] Tiktin's first record of the verb is Polizu's dictionary of 1857, glossed “to make (morally) bad, wicked; to spoil”.[5]
Semantic evolution
The verb first meant “to make or become wicked, malicious”, as its base răutate “wickedness” suggests.[3][5] Ispirescu's tale of a bull made so vicious that no one could come near it shows this sense, and it is MDA2's first record.[3][2] Șăineanu still glossed the verb only as “to make or become spiteful” in 1929.[6]
The modern sense is wider: “to make or become worse”, said of a situation, a state of health or relations, a synonym of agrava.[4][7] The DA already sets it against its opposite, îmbunătăți “to improve”.[3] The noun înrăutățire “worsening”, earlier also “wickedness”, is found in C. Negruzzi.[3]
Timeline
- 1776 – the participle înrăotățat “made wicked” in a Menaion.[3]
- 1857 – înrăutăți in Polizu's dictionary, the first record of the verb in Tiktin.[5]
- 1929 – Șăineanu glosses it “to make or become spiteful”.[6]
- 1950 – a press quotation with the sense “to make (a situation) worse”.[7]
Meanings
Verb
- (transitive) To make something worse, to aggravate: Ploile au înrăutățit starea drumurilor. “The rains made the roads worse.”[4][2]
- (reflexive) To become worse, to deteriorate: Vremea s-a înrăutățit. “The weather has got worse.”[4][7]
- (dated) To make or become wicked or spiteful.[3][8][6]
Related words
- răutate
- rău
- îmbunătăți
References
- ^ a b Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org
- ^ a b c d Academia Română, Institutul de Lingvistică „Iorgu Iordan – Al. Rosetti” (2010), Micul dicționar academic, 2nd ed., 4 vols., București: Univers Enciclopedic Gold, p. 1, 1243
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j Academia Română (1913–1949), Dicționarul limbii române (DA), ed. Sextil Pușcariu, tom I (A–B, C, D–De) and tom II (F–I, J–Lojniță), București: Socec / Universul / Monitorul Oficial și Imprimeriile Statului; page scans at cflr-scans.solirom.ro, p. s.v. înrăutăți
- ^ a b c d DEX (2009), Dicționarul explicativ al limbii române [Explanatory dictionary of the Romanian language], Bucharest: Editura Univers Enciclopedic, p. 552
- ^ a b c d Tiktin, Hariton (2000–2005), Rumänisch-deutsches Wörterbuch, 3rd ed., revised by Paul Miron and Elsa Lüder, 3 vols., Cluj-Napoca: Clusium, p. s.v. înrăutăți
- ^ a b c Șăineanu, Lazăr (1929), Dicționar universal al limbei române, 6th ed., Craiova: Scrisul Românesc, p. 329
- ^ a b c Macrea, Dimitrie; Petrovici, Emil (coord.) (1955–1957), Dicționarul limbii romîne literare contemporane, 4 vols., București: Editura Academiei Republicii Populare Romîne, p. 2, 651
- ^ Candrea, I.-A.; Adamescu, Gh. (1926–1931), Dicționarul enciclopedic ilustrat „Cartea Românească”, București: Cartea Românească, p. s.v. înrăutăți
Cite this entry
“Înrăutăți.” Etymologically, 12 Nov. 2026, etymologically.com/ro/%C3%AEnr%C4%83ut%C4%83%C8%9Bi. Accessed 12 Nov. 2026.
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