sangrar

Forms

sangrar (first-person singular present sangro, first-person singular preterite sangrei, past participle sangrado)^[1]

Etymology

Houaiss, Cunha and the DLP take the verb as inherited from Latin sanguinō (“to bleed”), written Old Galician-Portuguese sangrar and Old Galician-Portuguese sãgrar in the old texts.^[2][3][4][5] Houaiss suggests that the /n/ was dissimilated to /l/ and that the resulting cluster then became /ɡr/.^[2] Nascentes, Aurélio and the Porto Editora dictionary derive it instead from Spanish sangrar, and Wiktionary calls it a borrowing from Old Spanish.^[6][7][8][1] Nascentes follows Meyer-Lübke here.^[9] Houaiss points out that Corominas dates the Spanish verb only to about 1330, later than the first Portuguese records.^[2][10]

The same Latin verb is Italian sanguinare, French saigner, Catalan sagnar and Romanian sângera.^[11] The Latin verb is formed from sanguis (“blood”), the source of sangue, and in Latin it meant “to bleed, run with blood”.^[12][1] Medieval Latin also used it transitively, “to let blood from, to phlebotomise”.^[13]

Earliest recorded meaning

Lorenzo's chronology gives a legal text of 1209 in the Portugaliae Monumenta Historica with el sangrador sangre por vn dinero “let the blood-letter bleed (someone) for one penny”.^[5] In the Cantigas de Santa Maria a man is bled for illness (mandou-o sangrar “had him bled”).^[5][14] The first sense is the medical one, “to let blood from a vein”.^[2][5]

Semantic evolution

Cardoso (1569) and Barbosa (1611) give the verb only as “to open a vein”.^[15][16] Morais (1789) adds transferred senses: sangrar o dique or a lagoa, to cut a channel to drain a dike or a pond, and sangrar a mina, to take the gold out of a mine.^[17] Vieira (1871–1874) records the figurative o estado foi-se sangrando “the state went on weakening”.^[18]

Modern senses include tapping resin or latex from a tree, draining a dam, extorting money and causing grief.^[2] Brazilian Portuguese uses it for borrowing money with no intent to repay, and in the north-east for cutting grooves in wood on the lathe.^[2][19] Wiktionary records Malay sanggerah as a borrowing.^[1]

Timeline

• 1209 – el sangrador sangre in a legal text, as Lorenzo gives it.^[5]
• 13th century – the Cantigas de Santa Maria use sangrar and sangrar-se.^[5][3]
• 14th century – the spelling sãgrar.^[2]
• 1496 – a regimen against the plague uses the verb.^[20]
• 1569 – Cardoso renders it with Latin pertundo venam “I pierce a vein”.^[15]
• 1789 – Morais records sangrar o dique and sangrar a mina.^[17]

Meanings

Verb

1. To let blood from someone by opening a vein; to bleed, phlebotomise: o barbeiro sangrou o doente.^[2][21][1]
2. (intransitive) To lose blood, from a wound or naturally: sangrava do joelho.^[2][22]
3. To stick an animal so that it bleeds to death; to wound or kill with bloodshed.^[2][8]
4. To draw off liquid; to drain a pond, dam or watercourse through a channel.^[2][23]
5. To tap natural products from: resin or latex from a tree, ore from a mine.^[2][22]
6. (intransitive) To ooze, drip.^[2][8]
7. (intransitive) To be blood-red.^[2][8]
8. To weaken, exhaust;^[2][8] (reflexive) to lose one's strength.^[2][8]
9. To drain someone of money; to extort.^[2][7]
10. (figurative) To grieve, torment;^[2][8] (intransitive) to suffer.^[2][8]
11. (Brazil, informal) To borrow money from someone with no intention of paying it back.^[2]
12. (north-eastern Brazil) To cut grooves in wood while turning it.^[2][19]
13. (printing) To make an illustration run off the edge of the page.^[2][7]

Word family

• sangrador
• sangradouro
• sangramento
• sangração
• sangradura
• desangrar

Related words

• sangrento
• sangria
• sangue
• sanguíneo
• Latin sanguinō
• Spanish sangrar

Usage notes

Priberam records sangrar-se em saúde “to bleed oneself while healthy”, that is, to take precautions while there is still time.^[23]

References

1. ^ a b c d e f g h i Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org
2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v Houaiss, Antônio; Villar, Mauro de Salles (2001), Dicionário Houaiss da língua portuguesa, Rio de Janeiro: Objetiva, p. s.v. sangrar
3. ^ a b Cunha, Antônio Geraldo da (2010), Dicionário etimológico da língua portuguesa, 4th ed., Rio de Janeiro: Lexikon, p. s.v. sangrar
4. ^ Academia das Ciências de Lisboa, Dicionário da Língua Portuguesa, revised online edition (2023–) of the Dicionário da Língua Portuguesa Contemporânea (2001), https://dicionario.acad-ciencias.pt, p. s.v. sangrar
5. ^ a b c d e f Instituto da Lingua Galega, Dicionario de dicionarios do galego medieval (DDGM), ed. Ernesto González Seoane, Santiago de Compostela: Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, https://ilg.usc.gal/ddgm, p. s.v. sangrar
6. ^ Nascentes, Antenor (1966), Dicionário etimológico resumido, Rio de Janeiro: Instituto Nacional do Livro, p. s.v. sangrar
7. ^ a b c Ferreira, Aurélio Buarque de Holanda, Novo dicionário Aurélio da língua portuguesa, digital edition, p. s.v. sangrar
8. ^ a b c d e f g h Porto Editora (2013), Grande Dicionário da Língua Portuguesa, Porto: Porto Editora, p. 8282
9. ^ Nascentes, Antenor (1955), Dicionário etimológico da língua portuguesa, vol. 1: Nomes comuns, Rio de Janeiro (1st ed. 1932, preface by W. Meyer-Lübke), p. 457
10. ^ Corominas, Joan (1973), Breve diccionario etimológico de la lengua castellana, 3rd ed., Madrid: Gredos, p. s.v. sangre
11. ^ Meyer-Lübke, Wilhelm (1935), Romanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch, 3rd ed., Heidelberg: Winter, p. 7571
12. ^ Glare, P. G. W., ed. (2012), Oxford Latin Dictionary, 2nd ed., Oxford: Oxford University Press, p. s.v. sanguinō
13. ^ Niermeyer, J. F. (1976), Mediae Latinitatis Lexicon Minus, Leiden: Brill, p. s.v. sanguinare
14. ^ Universo Cantigas: Glosario da poesía medieval profana galego-portuguesa, A Coruña: Instituto da Lingua e Literatura (ILLA), Universidade da Coruña, https://www.universocantigas.gal, p. s.v. sangrar
15. ^ a b Cardoso, Jerónimo (1569–1570), Dictionarium ex lusitanico in latinum sermonem, Lisboa: João Álvares (CLP transcription, Universidade de Aveiro), p. s.v. sangrar
16. ^ Barbosa, Agostinho (1611), Dictionarium lusitanicolatinum, Braga: Fructuoso Lourenço de Basto (CLP transcription, Universidade de Aveiro), p. s.v. sangrar
17. ^ a b Silva, António de Morais (1789), Diccionario da lingua portugueza composto pelo padre D. Rafael Bluteau, reformado, e accrescentado, 2 vols., Lisboa: Simão Thaddeo Ferreira, p. 2, 374
18. ^ Vieira, Frei Domingos (1871–1874), Grande Diccionario Portuguez ou Thesouro da lingua portugueza, 5 vols., Porto: Ernesto Chardron e Bartholomeu H. de Moraes, p. 5, 400
19. ^ a b Navarro, Fred (2004), Dicionário do Nordeste, São Paulo: Estação Liberdade, p. s.v. sangrar
20. ^ Centro de Linguística da Universidade de Lisboa, CTA – Corpus de Textos Antigos, https://teitok.clul.ul.pt/cta, p. s.v. sangrar
21. ^ Michaelis: Moderno Dicionário da Língua Portuguesa, São Paulo: Melhoramentos (online as Michaelis Dicionário Brasileiro da Língua Portuguesa, https://michaelis.uol.com.br), p. s.v. sangrar
22. ^ a b Aulete, Francisco Júlio Caldas, Dicionário contemporâneo da língua portuguesa (1st ed. 1881), online as Aulete Digital, Rio de Janeiro: Lexikon, https://aulete.com.br, p. s.v. sangrar
23. ^ a b Dicionário Priberam da Língua Portuguesa, Lisboa: Priberam Informática, https://dicionario.priberam.org, p. s.v. sangrar