sângera

Forms

sângera (third-person singular present sângerează, past participle sângerat) 1st conjugation^[1] Besides the present sângerez, a regional present sânger occurs.^[2][3]

Etymology

It is inherited from Latin sanguinō (“to bleed”), a verb formed on sanguis (“blood”).^{[2][4][5][3][1][6]} The Latin verb was rare and late, with the sense “to bleed, run with blood”.^[7][6]

It survives south of the Danube: Aromanian sãndzinedz and Megleno-Romanian sǫndriz.^[5][1] The Romance cognates include Italian sanguinare, French saigner, Old Occitan sangnar and Spanish sangrar; in some of them the verb means “to let blood”.^[8]

Earliest recorded meaning

MDA2 and the DLR take the first record from a 16th-century text published by Hasdeu in Cuvente den bătrâni, which says that some will rise at the Judgement „sângerați” “covered in blood”.^[9][4] Tiktin's first record is Herodotus's Histories in Romanian translation, 1645.^[3]

Semantic evolution

The core sense is to lose blood or to make bleed, to be wounded or to wound.^[2] Writers used it of riders who spur their horses till they bleed;^[3] Coșbuc wrote „Mi-am sângerat La prag piciorul într-un cui” “I cut my foot on a nail at the threshold”.^[3] In folk veterinary practice it means to bleed an animal, letting blood to cure it, and of cattle and sheep to fall ill with the disease called sânge.^[9][2]

Figurative senses grew from the image of a wound: a-i sângera inima “one's heart bleeds”, to suffer or to toil hard.^[2][10] The sky that turns red at sunset or in the glow of fire is also said to bleed.^[2][3] Ciorănescu calls the participle used as an adjective, sângerând, a literary formation after French sanglant.^[5]

Timeline

• 16th century – sângerați in a text of Hasdeu's Cuvente den bătrâni, the first record.^[9][4]
• 1645 – sângera in the Romanian Herodotus.^[3]
• 1688 – sângera in the Bucharest Bible.^[11]

Meanings

Verb

1. To bleed, to lose blood; to make bleed, to wound.^[2] A-i sângera cuiva inima: to be grieved, or to grieve someone.^[2][1]
2. (of wounds) To let blood flow.^[2][10]
3. (figurative) To toil hard; to suffer, to endure much.^[2]
4. To perform a bloodletting;^[2][9] (popular) to let blood from an animal as a cure.^[2][9]
5. (figurative, of the sky) To turn red.^[2][12]
6. (popular, of cattle) To fall ill with the blood disease called sânge.^[2][9]

Word family

• sângerare

Related words

• sânge
• însângera
• sângeros

References

1. ^ a b c d e Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org
2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n DEX (2009), Dicționarul explicativ al limbii române [Explanatory dictionary of the Romanian language], Bucharest: Editura Univers Enciclopedic, p. 983
3. ^ a b c d e f g Tiktin, Hariton (2000–2005), Rumänisch-deutsches Wörterbuch, 3rd ed., revised by Paul Miron and Elsa Lüder, 3 vols., Cluj-Napoca: Clusium, p. s.v. sângera
4. ^ a b c Academia Română (1965–2010), Dicționarul limbii române (DLR), serie nouă, tom I–XIX, București: Editura Academiei Române, p. s.v. sângera
5. ^ a b c Ciorănescu, Alexandru (1958–1966), Diccionario etimológico rumano, La Laguna: Universidad de La Laguna (Romanian ed.: Dicționarul etimologic al limbii române, București: Saeculum, 2001), p. s.v. sânge
6. ^ a b Glare, P. G. W., ed. (2012), Oxford Latin Dictionary, 2nd ed., Oxford: Oxford University Press, p. s.v. sanguino
7. ^ Lewis, Charlton T.; Short, Charles (1879), A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press, p. s.v. sanguino
8. ^ Meyer-Lübke, Wilhelm (1935), Romanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch, 3rd ed., Heidelberg: Winter, p. 7571
9. ^ a b c d e f Academia Română, Institutul de Lingvistică „Iorgu Iordan – Al. Rosetti” (2010), Micul dicționar academic, 2nd ed., 4 vols., București: Univers Enciclopedic Gold, p. 2, 783
10. ^ a b Macrea, Dimitrie; Petrovici, Emil (coord.) (1955–1957), Dicționarul limbii romîne literare contemporane, 4 vols., București: Editura Academiei Republicii Populare Romîne, p. 4, 144
11. ^ Biblia, adecă Dumnezeiasca Scriptură a ceii vechi și a ceii noao leage, București, 1688 (ed. 1988, tricentennial edition), p. Sir 42:7
12. ^ Academia Română, Institutul de Lingvistică „Iorgu Iordan – Al. Rosetti” (2002), Noul dicționar explicativ al limbii române, București: Litera Internațional, p. s.v. sângera