parque

Forms

parque m (plural parques)^[1]

Etymology

It is borrowed from French parc (“enclosed hunting ground”).^[2][3][4][1] The French word comes from Late Latin parricus (“enclosure”), recorded in the 8th-century Lex Ripuaria.^[2][5][6] Houaiss and the DHLF derive it from a pre-Latin *parra (“pole, stake”).^[2][5] Corominas calls its origin uncertain, probably pre-Roman, and Wiktionary notes that it may have been borrowed from Frankish *parrik or the other way round.^[7][1]

Nascentes, in his larger dictionary, took it from Italian parco instead, following Meyer-Lübke.^[8] Bluteau gave three possible sources: a Hebrew word for “orchard”, French or English.^[9]

Spanish parque is also a borrowing from French, first recorded in 1607.^[7]

Earliest recorded meaning

Houaiss dates the word to between 1521 and 1558, and Cunha to the 16th century, with the original sense of an enclosed wood with game.^[2][3] Bluteau (1712–1728) still defines it as a walled wood or hunting ground with roe deer and stags.^[9]

Semantic evolution

Morais (1813) adds the military parque de artilharia, a fenced field where the guns are kept until needed, and a figurative use for an enclosure of cares.^[10] Vieira (1871–1874) and Silva Bastos (1912) give the same senses, with the extensive walled garden.^[11][12] The sense “public garden” and the protected natural area, the parque nacional, are modern.^[3][2]

From the military sense came “a place where vehicles are kept”: in Portugal parque is a car park.^[13][14] The 20th century added parqueamento, coined to render English parking, parquear and parquímetro.^[3] Other modern compounds are parque infantil, parque de diversões and parque industrial.^[2]

Timeline

• 1521–1558 – first record.^[2]
• 1712–1728 – Bluteau: a walled wood with game.^[9]
• 1813 – Morais adds parque de artilharia.^[10]
• 1871–1874 – Vieira derives it from French parc.^[11]
• 20th century – first records of parqueamento, parquear and parquímetro.^[3]

Meanings

Noun

1. A fairly large fenced and wooded area for recreation; a park.^[2][1]
2. A large walled garden, as of a castle or manor.^[2][15]
3. (Brazil) A wooded public garden.^[2]
4. A protected natural area: parque nacional.^[15][14]
5. (military, aviation) An area for keeping and servicing vehicles, aircraft or artillery;^[2][13] (Portugal) a car park.^[2][13]
6. A playpen for small children.^[13]
7. The set of installations of one kind in a place: parque industrial.^[2][13]

Word family

• parquear
• parqueamento
• parquímetro

Related words

• French parc
• Spanish parque

References

1. ^ a b c d e f g h Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org
2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Houaiss, Antônio; Villar, Mauro de Salles (2001), Dicionário Houaiss da língua portuguesa, Rio de Janeiro: Objetiva, p. s.v. parque
3. ^ a b c d e Cunha, Antônio Geraldo da (2010), Dicionário etimológico da língua portuguesa, 4th ed., Rio de Janeiro: Lexikon, p. s.v. parque
4. ^ Nascentes, Antenor (1966), Dicionário etimológico resumido, Rio de Janeiro: Instituto Nacional do Livro, p. s.v. parque
5. ^ a b Rey, Alain, ed. (1992), Dictionnaire historique de la langue française, Paris: Le Robert, p. s.v. parc
6. ^ García de Diego, Vicente (1985), Diccionario etimológico español e hispánico, 2nd ed., Madrid: Espasa-Calpe (1st ed. 1954), p. s.v. parricus
7. ^ a b Corominas, Joan; Pascual, José A. (1980–1991), Diccionario crítico etimológico castellano e hispánico, 6 vols., Madrid: Gredos, p. 4, 407
8. ^ Nascentes, Antenor (1955), Dicionário etimológico da língua portuguesa, vol. 1: Nomes comuns, Rio de Janeiro (1st ed. 1932, preface by W. Meyer-Lübke), p. 382
9. ^ a b c Bluteau, Raphael (1712–1728), Vocabulario portuguez e latino, 8 vols. + 2 supplement vols., Coimbra / Lisboa (CLP transcription, Universidade de Aveiro), p. s.v. parque
10. ^ a b Silva, António de Morais (1813), Diccionario da lingua portugueza, 2nd ed., 2 vols., Lisboa: Typographia Lacerdina, p. 2, 400
11. ^ a b Vieira, Frei Domingos (1871–1874), Grande Diccionario Portuguez ou Thesouro da lingua portugueza, 5 vols., Porto: Ernesto Chardron e Bartholomeu H. de Moraes, p. 4, 671
12. ^ Silva Bastos, José Timóteo da (1912), Diccionario etymologico, prosodico e orthographico da lingua portugueza, Lisboa: Parceria António Maria Pereira, p. s.v. parque
13. ^ a b c d e Dicionário Priberam da Língua Portuguesa, Lisboa: Priberam Informática, https://dicionario.priberam.org, p. s.v. parque
14. ^ a b Porto Editora (2013), Grande Dicionário da Língua Portuguesa, Porto: Porto Editora, p. 6928
15. ^ a b Ferreira, Aurélio Buarque de Holanda, Novo dicionário Aurélio da língua portuguesa, digital edition, p. s.v. parque