parir

Forms

parir (first-person singular present (archaic, now rare, sometimes proscribed) pairo, first-person singular preterite pari, past participle parido)^[1] Medieval forms include parria, paryã and payrã.^[2][3] The first person singular present is pairo and the present subjunctive paira, as Feijó (1734) already conjugates it; the dictionaries note that the verb is mostly used in the forms where ⟨i⟩ follows the ⟨r⟩.^[4][5][6]

Etymology

It is inherited from Latin pariō (“to give birth to, bear”), written Old Galician-Portuguese parir in the oldest texts.^[2][1][7] The verb passed from the Latin third conjugation in ⟨-ere⟩ to ⟨-ir⟩;^[3][2][8] Houaiss notes that Old Latin also had an infinitive in ⟨-īre⟩.^[3][2][8]

Corominas finds the word kept only in the three Hispanic Romance languages, the Pyrenean Gascon dialects and some Rhaetian and northern Italian dialects: Galician parir, Spanish parir, Catalan parir and Asturian parir.^[9][1][10]

De Vaan derives the Latin verb from Proto-Italic *par(e)i- (“to bear”) and Proto-Indo-European *pérh₃-i- (“to provide”);^[11][1] Wiktionary compares Ancient Greek ἔπορον (époron, “I furnished”).^[11][1]

Earliest recorded meaning

Machado's first date, as Lorenzo gives it, is 1253 for the participle paridas.^[3] The Cantigas de Santa Maria use it of the Virgin, u paryu sen tardada “where she gave birth without delay”, and of a woman who depois pariu un fillo “afterwards bore a son”.^[3] Houaiss dates it to the 13th century from Cunha's index.^[2]

Semantic evolution

From the first records the verb is used of women and of animals: a satirical cantiga of Fernand' Esquio has pariron tres en ũu dia “three gave birth in one day”.^[3][12] Morais (1789) adds the figurative “to produce, cause”.^[13] Nascentes notes that today it is applied to animals, and in speaking of women Schlee gives the euphemism dar à luz.^[7][14]

In a village of Portugal it is said of cereals that put out several stalks: o pão não pariu.^[15] Priberam records pariu ali a galega, an exclamation of surprise.^[16]

Timeline

• 1253 – paridas, Machado's first date.^[3]
• 13th century – pariu in the Cantigas de Santa Maria.^[3][2]
• c. 1430 – the Horto do Esposo (copied 1390–1437) uses parir.^[17]
• 1569 – Cardoso's dictionary glosses it with Latin pario.^[18]
• 1734 – Feijó conjugates pairo, pares, pare.^[4]
• 1789 – Morais records “to produce, cause”.^[13]

Meanings

Verb

1. (transitive, intransitive) To give birth (to); to bear young: A cadela pariu seis cachorros.^[2][6][1]
2. (transitive, figurative) To expel something from inside oneself.^[2]
3. (transitive, figurative) To produce, create, engender: pariu finalmente o livro.^[2][6][1]
4. (regional Portugal) Of cereals: to put out several stalks.^[15]

Word family

• parideira
• parida

Related words

• parteira
• parto
• Latin pariō
• Spanish parir

Usage notes

Puta que pariu is a vulgar exclamation of anger or surprise.^[1][19]

References

1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org
2. ^ a b c d e f g h i Houaiss, Antônio; Villar, Mauro de Salles (2001), Dicionário Houaiss da língua portuguesa, Rio de Janeiro: Objetiva, p. s.v. parir
3. ^ a b c d e f g h Instituto da Lingua Galega, Dicionario de dicionarios do galego medieval (DDGM), ed. Ernesto González Seoane, Santiago de Compostela: Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, https://ilg.usc.gal/ddgm, p. s.v. parir
4. ^ a b Feijó, João de Morais Madureira (1734), Orthographia, ou Arte de escrever, e pronunciar com acerto a lingua portugueza, Lisboa (CLP transcription, Universidade de Aveiro), p. s.v. parir
5. ^ Aulete, Francisco Júlio Caldas, Dicionário contemporâneo da língua portuguesa (1st ed. 1881), online as Aulete Digital, Rio de Janeiro: Lexikon, https://aulete.com.br, p. s.v. parir
6. ^ a b c Ferreira, Aurélio Buarque de Holanda, Novo dicionário Aurélio da língua portuguesa, digital edition, p. s.v. parir
7. ^ a b Nascentes, Antenor (1966), Dicionário etimológico resumido, Rio de Janeiro: Instituto Nacional do Livro, p. s.v. parir
8. ^ a b Glare, P. G. W., ed. (2012), Oxford Latin Dictionary, 2nd ed., Oxford: Oxford University Press
9. ^ Corominas, Joan; Pascual, José A. (1980–1991), Diccionario crítico etimológico castellano e hispánico, 6 vols., Madrid: Gredos, p. 4, 403
10. ^ Meyer-Lübke, Wilhelm (1935), Romanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch, 3rd ed., Heidelberg: Winter, p. 6236
11. ^ a b de Vaan, Michiel (2008), Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages, Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series 7, Leiden; Boston: Brill
12. ^ Universo Cantigas: Glosario da poesía medieval profana galego-portuguesa, A Coruña: Instituto da Lingua e Literatura (ILLA), Universidade da Coruña, https://www.universocantigas.gal, p. s.v. parir
13. ^ a b Silva, António de Morais (1789), Diccionario da lingua portugueza composto pelo padre D. Rafael Bluteau, reformado, e accrescentado, 2 vols., Lisboa: Simão Thaddeo Ferreira, p. 2, 160
14. ^ Schlee, Aldyr Garcia (2019), Dicionário da Cultura Pampeana Sul-Rio-Grandense, 2 vols., Pelotas: Fructos do Paiz, p. s.v. parir
15. ^ a b Instituto da Lingua Galega, Tesouro do léxico patrimonial galego e portugués (TLPGP), Santiago de Compostela: Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, https://ilg.usc.gal/tesouro, p. s.v. parir
16. ^ Dicionário Priberam da Língua Portuguesa, Lisboa: Priberam Informática, https://dicionario.priberam.org, p. s.v. parir
17. ^ Centro de Linguística da Universidade de Lisboa, CTA – Corpus de Textos Antigos, https://teitok.clul.ul.pt/cta, p. s.v. parir
18. ^ Cardoso, Jerónimo (1569–1570), Dictionarium ex lusitanico in latinum sermonem, Lisboa: João Álvares (CLP transcription, Universidade de Aveiro), p. s.v. parir
19. ^ Academia das Ciências de Lisboa, Dicionário da Língua Portuguesa, revised online edition (2023–) of the Dicionário da Língua Portuguesa Contemporânea (2001), https://dicionario.acad-ciencias.pt, p. s.v. parir