Etymology and origin of the Portuguese word necessitar
- Confidence
- Established
- Formation
- Borrowing
- First attested
- 1542 a private letter, the participle spelt neçesytado More words from the 16th century
- Borrowed from
- Latin necessito
- Ultimate origin
- Latin necesse
Pronunciation
Forms
necessitar (first-person singular present necessito, first-person singular preterite necessitei, past participle necessitado)[1]
Etymology
It is borrowed from Medieval Latin necessitō (“to compel, constrain”), a learned word.[2][3][4][1] Du Cange notes that the Medieval Latin verb was often used by the Schoolmen.[5] The DLP, Michaelis and DELPo instead form it in Portuguese from Latin necessitās (“necessity”) with the verb suffix -ar.[6][7][8] Spanish necesitar is first recorded in the 17th century.[9]
The Latin noun is formed from necesse (“unavoidable”) with the abstract suffix -tās.[10][1] Its Portuguese descendant is the noun necessidade, recorded from 1365.[11]
Earliest recorded meaning
Houaiss's first record is from 1552, from a text he cites as JBarD;[2][3] Cunha gives the 16th century.[2][3] A private letter dated by 1542 already has the participle neçesytado “in need”.[12]
Semantic evolution
The usual sense from the start is “to need, to lack”, construed with a direct object or with de;[2][13] Bluteau (1712–1728) gives it as haver mister “to have need” and lists phrases such as necessito de ti.[2][13] The Medieval Latin sense “to compel” survives in Vieira (1871–1874), who puts “to urge, force, oblige” and “to cause needs” first, and in the rare senses “to force someone” and “to deprive of what is needed” that Houaiss and Aurélio still list.[14][2][15] Priberam marks the sense “to deprive of the necessary” as old.[16] Schlee records the indirect construction necessitar de as Brazilian usage in Rio Grande do Sul.[17]
Timeline
- 1542 – the participle neçesytado in a private letter.[12]
- 1552 – Houaiss's first record of the verb.[2]
- 1651 – first record of necessitado.[18]
- 1712–1728 – Bluteau glosses it haver mister.[13]
- 1871–1874 – Vieira puts the senses “to force, oblige” first.[14]
Meanings
Verb
- (transitive, or with de) To need, to lack; to require: Ela necessita de descanso.[2][15][16][19]
- (intransitive) To be in need, to suffer privation.[2][19]
- (transitive) To demand, to call for as a right: Uma cidade grande necessita bons transportes.[2][15]
- (transitive) To make necessary.[2][15][6]
- (transitive, rare) To force, to compel someone.[2][15]
- (transitive, rare) To deprive of what is needed.[2][15][16]
Word family
- necessitado
Related words
- necessidade
- necessário
- Medieval Latin necessitō
- Spanish necesitar
References
- ^ a b c d e f g Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Houaiss, Antônio; Villar, Mauro de Salles (2001), Dicionário Houaiss da língua portuguesa, Rio de Janeiro: Objetiva, p. s.v. necessitar
- ^ a b c Cunha, Antônio Geraldo da (2010), Dicionário etimológico da língua portuguesa, 4th ed., Rio de Janeiro: Lexikon, p. s.v. necessário
- ^ Nascentes, Antenor (1966), Dicionário etimológico resumido, Rio de Janeiro: Instituto Nacional do Livro, p. s.v. necessitar
- ^ du Cange, Charles du Fresne, et al. (1883–1887), Glossarium mediae et infimae latinitatis, augmented ed. by Léopold Favre, Niort: L. Favre, p. s.v. necessitare
- ^ a b Academia das Ciências de Lisboa, Dicionário da Língua Portuguesa, revised online edition (2023–) of the Dicionário da Língua Portuguesa Contemporânea (2001), https://dicionario.acad-ciencias.pt, p. s.v. necessitar
- ^ Michaelis: Moderno Dicionário da Língua Portuguesa, São Paulo: Melhoramentos (online as Michaelis Dicionário Brasileiro da Língua Portuguesa, https://michaelis.uol.com.br), p. s.v. necessitar
- ^ NEHiLP – Núcleo de Apoio à Pesquisa em Etimologia e História da Língua Portuguesa, Universidade de São Paulo, DELPo: Dicionário Etimológico da Língua Portuguesa (online database), p. s.v. necessitar
- ^ Corominas, Joan (1973), Breve diccionario etimológico de la lengua castellana, 3rd ed., Madrid: Gredos, p. s.v. necesidad
- ^ Glare, P. G. W., ed. (2012), Oxford Latin Dictionary, 2nd ed., Oxford: Oxford University Press
- ^ Houaiss, Antônio; Villar, Mauro de Salles (2001), Dicionário Houaiss da língua portuguesa, Rio de Janeiro: Objetiva, p. s.v. necessidade
- ^ a b CLUL (ed.) (2014), P.S. Post Scriptum: Arquivo Digital de Escrita Quotidiana em Portugal e Espanha na Época Moderna, Lisboa: Centro de Linguística da Universidade de Lisboa, http://ps.clul.ul.pt, p. s.v. necessitar
- ^ a b c Bluteau, Raphael (1712–1728), Vocabulario portuguez e latino, 8 vols. + 2 supplement vols., Coimbra / Lisboa (CLP transcription, Universidade de Aveiro), p. s.v. necessitar
- ^ a b Vieira, Frei Domingos (1871–1874), Grande Diccionario Portuguez ou Thesouro da lingua portugueza, 5 vols., Porto: Ernesto Chardron e Bartholomeu H. de Moraes, p. 4, 414
- ^ a b c d e f Ferreira, Aurélio Buarque de Holanda, Novo dicionário Aurélio da língua portuguesa, digital edition, p. s.v. necessitar
- ^ a b c Dicionário Priberam da Língua Portuguesa, Lisboa: Priberam Informática, https://dicionario.priberam.org, p. s.v. necessitar
- ^ Schlee, Aldyr Garcia (2019), Dicionário da Cultura Pampeana Sul-Rio-Grandense, 2 vols., Pelotas: Fructos do Paiz, p. s.v. necessitar
- ^ Houaiss, Antônio; Villar, Mauro de Salles (2001), Dicionário Houaiss da língua portuguesa, Rio de Janeiro: Objetiva, p. s.v. necessitado
- ^ a b Porto Editora (2013), Grande Dicionário da Língua Portuguesa, Porto: Porto Editora, p. 6455
Related etymologies
Cite this entry
“Necessitar.” Etymologically, 15 Nov. 2026, etymologically.com/pt/necessitar. Accessed 16 Nov. 2026.
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